Expensive milk such as horse’s milk (HM) may be the target of adulteration by other milk such as goat’s milk (GM) and cow’s milk (CM). FTIR spectroscopy in combination with chemometrics of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and multivariate calibrations of partial least square regression (PLSR) and principal component regression (PCR) was used for authentication of HM from GM and CM. Milk was directly subjected to attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectral measurement at midinfrared regions (4000-650 cm^-1). Results showed that LDA could make clear discrimination between HM and HM adulterated with CM and GM without any misclassification observed. PLSR using 2^nd derivative spectra at 3200-2800 and 1300-1000 cm^-1 provided the best model for the relationship between actual values of GM and FTIR predicted values than PCR. At this condition, values for calibration and validation models obtained were 0.9995 and 0.9612 with RMSEC and RMSEP values of 0.0093 and 0.0794. PLSR using normal FTIR spectra at 3800-3000 and 1500-1000 cm^-1 offered for the relationship between actual values of CM and FTIR predicted values of >0.99 in calibration and validation models with low errors of RMSEC of 0.0164 and RMSEP of 0.0336 during authentication of HM from CM. Therefore, FTIR spectroscopy in combination with LDA and PLSR is an effective method for authentication of HM from GM and CM.

Baeckea frutescens L. is a medicinal plant endemic to the tropical area and it has been used by locals for topical and oral ailments. This study investigated total phenolic and flavonoid contents and also evaluated in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of of Baeckea frutescens crude extracts. These extracts were assessed for their antibacterial activities against strains of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella thypii, and Pseudomonas aureginosa by the broth micro-dilution methods using a modified tetrazolium-based colorimetric assay (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay). Baeckea frutescens crude extracts were also tested against the stable DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) free-radical. The results indicated that Baeckea frutescens water and ethanol extracts possesed remarkable antibacterial activity with the minimum inhibitory concentration less than 100 μg/ml against Escherichia coli and Salmonella thypi. On the evaluation of the antioxidant activity via DPPH assay, Baeckea frutescens ethanol extracts exhibited a good antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ less than 50 μg/ml and Baeckea frutescens water extracts showed a moderate antioxidant activity with IC₅₀ less than 100 μg/ml.

Context: Uncontrolled practice of antibiotics leads to bacterial resistance. Therefore, investigating the possible utilization of several medicinal plant extracts is necessary. Traditionally, numerous medicinal plants have been widely utilized to treat some human diseases including Anacardium occidentale. Aims: To investigate the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract and fractions from A. occidentale as well as characterize the phytochemical profile of A. occidentale leaves associated with antibacterial capacity. Methods: The antibacterial activity was determined using minimum inhibitory concentration and time kill assay, which confirmed by streak agar plate. Phytochemical profiling of A. occidentale leaves extract and fractions were evaluated by their total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents, terpenoid contents, and metabolite analysis by UHPLC-HR-ESI-MS. Results: Among the extract and all fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction had high killing efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtillis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which was confirmed by its MIC value of 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, and 0.25 mg/mL, respectively. Corresponding to its antibacterial capacity, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest of phenolic (508.89 mg GAE/g dw) and flavonoid (184 mg QE/g dw) contents. Based on HRMS investigation, the extract and fractions contain amino acids, phenolic acids, alkaloids, flavonoids, fatty acid amides, fatty acids, and organic acids as classes of molecules. Moreover, avicularin/quercetin-3-O-arabinofuranoside, myricitrin, and gallic acid were identified as major compounds from the active fraction. Conclusions: The ethyl acetate fraction showed the most remarkable antibacterial activity. There was a significant correlation between the antibacterial activity of active fraction and its phenolic and flavonoid contents.

The authentication of higher quality milk such as goat milk (GM) from the lower price of cow milk (CM) is a big issue in the milk industry, because unethical producers may get economic profits from the adulteration practice. This study intended to apply Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and chemometrics for the authentication analysis of GM from CM. The characterization of CM and GM was performed by determining fatty acid composition using gas chromatography. The binary mixtures of GM and CM were prepared for making calibration and validation models and were subjected to FTIR spectral measurement using an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory. The model was optimized by selecting multivariate calibrations of partial least square regression (PLSR) and principal component regression (PCR) along with spectral modes (normal and derivatives) and wavenumbers regions. The results showed that absorbance values at 2nd derivative spectra at wavenumber regions of 1500-800 cm-1 could provide the best accuracy and precision of the developed model. Principal component analysis (PCA) at selected wavenumbers and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) at 3800-800 cm-1 could discriminate authentic GM and GM adulterated with CM without any misclassification objects observed. It concluded that FTIR spectra combined with chemometrics techniques could be used as a reliable method for the authentication analysis of milk products.

Marination is one of the methods that are often used in beef processing in an attempt to obtain high quality of beef. Cashew apple extract marinade (CAM) improves the microbiological characteristics of meat by inhibiting the growth of meat bacteria. The effect of CAM on other aspects such as physical (microbiological, tenderness, cooking loss, water holding capacity and pH) and chemical (moisture, fat and protein content) characteristics of meat have not been evaluated, which would be beneficial for the utilisation of agroindustry waste in the meat industry. In this study, the effect of CAM on the physical and chemical characteristics of beef, including microbiological characteristics, tenderness, cooking loss and water holding capacity, was evaluated. CAM (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) was used during beef processing for 4 h at refrigeration temperature. Significant effects of CAM were observed on the physical and chemical characteristics of beef. CAM increased beef tenderness and reduced total bacteria, cooking loss, moisture, fat, and protein content. The optimum concentration of CAM for which significant changes were observed in the physical and chemical characteristics of beef was 20%. Thus, cashew apple can be utilised as a promising marinade agent in beef processing with the criteria of food for specific health use. This approach will help reduce cashew apple waste and is an eco-friendly approach.