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A circular economy in the built environment via carbon mineralization of alkaline industrial wastes and silicate minerals via PCO2 swing or via pH swing, employing acid and base generated from electrolysis using renewable energy.
GuanHe Rim; Noyonika Roy; Diandian Zhao; Shiho Kawashima; Phillip E. Stallworth; Steven G. Greenbaum; Ah-Hyung Alissa Park. CO2 utilization in built environment via the PCO2 swing carbonation of alkaline solid wastes with different mineralogy. Faraday Discussions 2021, 230, 187 -212.
AMA StyleGuanHe Rim, Noyonika Roy, Diandian Zhao, Shiho Kawashima, Phillip E. Stallworth, Steven G. Greenbaum, Ah-Hyung Alissa Park. CO2 utilization in built environment via the PCO2 swing carbonation of alkaline solid wastes with different mineralogy. Faraday Discussions. 2021; 230 ():187-212.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuanHe Rim; Noyonika Roy; Diandian Zhao; Shiho Kawashima; Phillip E. Stallworth; Steven G. Greenbaum; Ah-Hyung Alissa Park. 2021. "CO2 utilization in built environment via the PCO2 swing carbonation of alkaline solid wastes with different mineralogy." Faraday Discussions 230, no. : 187-212.
In this paper, C3A‐gypsum and C3A‐C3S‐gypsum model cement systems with and without nanosilica were studied. The effects of nanosilica on the early stage cement hydration, particularly C3A hydration, were assessed through the heat of hydration (isothermal calorimetry), phase assemblage (quantitative X‐ray diffraction), zeta potential, ion concentration measurements, and morphology (scanning electron microscopy) examinations. The results indicate that while promoting C3S hydration, nanosilica retarded C3A hydration in both the systems studied. The retardation was caused by the adsorption and coverage of nanosilica on C3A surfaces through the electrostatic interaction, thus decreasing the C3A dissolution rate and hindering the precipitation of hydration products. Consequently, the reduced gypsum consumption rate and the seeding effect of nanosilica further promoted C3S hydration. These findings suggest that nanosilica and other silica‐based nanoparticles can physicochemically influence hydration of cement‐based materials, and a better understanding of these influencing mechanisms can help optimize performances of nanoparticle‐modified cement‐based materials.
Pengkun Hou; Xinming Wang; Piqi Zhao; Kejin Wang; Shiho Kawashima; Qinfei Li; Ning Xie; Xin Cheng; Surendra P. Shah. Physicochemical effects of nanosilica on C 3 A/C 3 S hydration. Journal of the American Ceramic Society 2020, 103, 6505 -6518.
AMA StylePengkun Hou, Xinming Wang, Piqi Zhao, Kejin Wang, Shiho Kawashima, Qinfei Li, Ning Xie, Xin Cheng, Surendra P. Shah. Physicochemical effects of nanosilica on C 3 A/C 3 S hydration. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 2020; 103 (11):6505-6518.
Chicago/Turabian StylePengkun Hou; Xinming Wang; Piqi Zhao; Kejin Wang; Shiho Kawashima; Qinfei Li; Ning Xie; Xin Cheng; Surendra P. Shah. 2020. "Physicochemical effects of nanosilica on C 3 A/C 3 S hydration." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 103, no. 11: 6505-6518.
Viscosity and static yield stress are key rheological properties for 3D concrete printing (3DCP), where high static yield stress is associated with high buildability and shape stability and low viscosity is associated with extrudability and pumping. The challenge in concrete rheology lies in decoupling the effect of admixtures on these two properties, i.e. achieving high static yield stresses while still maintaining moderately low viscosities. In this paper, we present a hybridized additive system of nanoclays and viscosity modifying admixtures that can tailor the rheological properties of cement composites to meet 3DCP performance requirements. Further, because 3DCP is a technology of scales, any additive must meet scalability and stability requirements for construction, i.e. ease of processing in abundance and relatively low cost, and exhibit an extended shelf life. We examine different methods of synthesizing the hybrid systems and examine their stability through measuring their effect on cement rheology at different component ratios and at different time stamps from the time of hybridization. We then demonstrate their impact on printing performance by producing complex 3D prints utilizing cement pastes modified with the hybridized additive system.
Alaeddin Douba; Clare Chan; Stephanie Berrios; Shiho Kawashima. Synthesis of Hybridized Rheological Modifiers for 3D Concrete Printing. High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6 2020, 32 -41.
AMA StyleAlaeddin Douba, Clare Chan, Stephanie Berrios, Shiho Kawashima. Synthesis of Hybridized Rheological Modifiers for 3D Concrete Printing. High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6. 2020; ():32-41.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlaeddin Douba; Clare Chan; Stephanie Berrios; Shiho Kawashima. 2020. "Synthesis of Hybridized Rheological Modifiers for 3D Concrete Printing." High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6 , no. : 32-41.
N. Roussel; H. Bessaies-Bey; Shiho Kawashima; D. Marchon; K. Vasilic; Rob Wolfs. Recent advances on yield stress and elasticity of fresh cement-based materials. Cement and Concrete Research 2019, 124, 1 .
AMA StyleN. Roussel, H. Bessaies-Bey, Shiho Kawashima, D. Marchon, K. Vasilic, Rob Wolfs. Recent advances on yield stress and elasticity of fresh cement-based materials. Cement and Concrete Research. 2019; 124 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. Roussel; H. Bessaies-Bey; Shiho Kawashima; D. Marchon; K. Vasilic; Rob Wolfs. 2019. "Recent advances on yield stress and elasticity of fresh cement-based materials." Cement and Concrete Research 124, no. : 1.
The purpose of this study is to understand the complex mechanisms through which the active ingredients of crystalline waterproofing agents change the microstructure of cement-based materials. Microstructural and phase characterization are carried out on cement pastes modified with waterproofing agents through thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and x-ray microcomputed tomography. Two types are investigated—one that is applied onto the surface of existing concrete and another that is incorporated as an admixture into the fresh mix. Samples treated with the waterproofing agents are compared with a sample cured in sodium carbonate solution, one of the key active ingredients. Results indicate that both types of waterproofing agents lead to formation of calcium carbonate. The surface treatment type forms a dense coating, with little penetration into the matrix, whereas the admixture type leads to a measurable decrease in porosity throughout. The sample cured in sodium carbonate solution leads to an increase in porosity due to decalcification shrinkage, which underscores the importance of controlling sodium carbonate content to avoid excessive carbonation.
Seungmin Lim; Shiho Kawashima. Mechanisms Underlying Crystalline Waterproofing through Microstructural and Phase Characterization. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2019, 31, 04019175 .
AMA StyleSeungmin Lim, Shiho Kawashima. Mechanisms Underlying Crystalline Waterproofing through Microstructural and Phase Characterization. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 2019; 31 (9):04019175.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeungmin Lim; Shiho Kawashima. 2019. "Mechanisms Underlying Crystalline Waterproofing through Microstructural and Phase Characterization." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 31, no. 9: 04019175.
Siwei Ma; Shiho Kawashima. A rheological approach to study the early-age hydration of oil well cement: Effect of temperature, pressure and nanoclay. Construction and Building Materials 2019, 215, 119 -127.
AMA StyleSiwei Ma, Shiho Kawashima. A rheological approach to study the early-age hydration of oil well cement: Effect of temperature, pressure and nanoclay. Construction and Building Materials. 2019; 215 ():119-127.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiwei Ma; Shiho Kawashima. 2019. "A rheological approach to study the early-age hydration of oil well cement: Effect of temperature, pressure and nanoclay." Construction and Building Materials 215, no. : 119-127.
At sufficiently low applied shear deformation or shear stress, fresh cement paste exhibits viscoelastic solid-like behavior. This solid-like state is particularly important for some applications, such as self-consolidating concrete formwork pressure and 3D concrete printing. In this study, the viscoelastic solid-like behavior of fresh cement pastes is probed using a rheometer. Static yield stress, storage modulus, and cohesion are measured by creep recovery and constant shear rate test, small amplitude oscillatory sweep (SAOS) test and tack test, respectively. The effect of nanoclay addition is studied in various aspects of viscoelastic performance of fresh cement pastes. It is found that nanoclay addition not only enhances yield stress and cohesion, but also stiffness in terms of storage and tangent modulus.
Ye Qian; Siwei Ma; Shiho Kawashima; Geert De Schutter. Rheological characterization of the viscoelastic solid-like properties of fresh cement pastes with nanoclay addition. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 2019, 103, 102262 .
AMA StyleYe Qian, Siwei Ma, Shiho Kawashima, Geert De Schutter. Rheological characterization of the viscoelastic solid-like properties of fresh cement pastes with nanoclay addition. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics. 2019; 103 ():102262.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYe Qian; Siwei Ma; Shiho Kawashima; Geert De Schutter. 2019. "Rheological characterization of the viscoelastic solid-like properties of fresh cement pastes with nanoclay addition." Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 103, no. : 102262.
Concrete digital fabrication is an innovative construction approach where infrastructural elements can be built additively without using formwork. This represents a significant advantage, but also introduces materials engineering challenges, as the requirements normally fulfilled by the formwork are now imposed on the concrete. In this paper, it is discussed how admixtures can be employed to achieve the rheological and hydration properties necessary for printable concrete. An overview of various admixtures currently implemented in standard practice is presented. Then, the main required concrete states for extrusion and deposition processes are analyzed with respect to required performances and potential admixtures. Finally, possible side effects and incompatibilities are discussed, as well as how they could be unconventionally used for printable concrete purposes. The main objective is to demonstrate how admixtures will be critical in the development of concrete systems to realize digital fabrication, and to ultimately motivate investigation in the key areas discussed.
Delphine Marchon; Shiho Kawashima; Hela Bessaies-Bey; Sara Mantellato; Serina Ng. Hydration and rheology control of concrete for digital fabrication: Potential admixtures and cement chemistry. Cement and Concrete Research 2018, 112, 96 -110.
AMA StyleDelphine Marchon, Shiho Kawashima, Hela Bessaies-Bey, Sara Mantellato, Serina Ng. Hydration and rheology control of concrete for digital fabrication: Potential admixtures and cement chemistry. Cement and Concrete Research. 2018; 112 ():96-110.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDelphine Marchon; Shiho Kawashima; Hela Bessaies-Bey; Sara Mantellato; Serina Ng. 2018. "Hydration and rheology control of concrete for digital fabrication: Potential admixtures and cement chemistry." Cement and Concrete Research 112, no. : 96-110.
Su-Jin Lee; Shiho Kawashima; Ki-Joong Kim; Sang-Kyun Woo; Jong-Pil Won. Interfacial properties of nanosilica-treated structural polymer fibres in cement matrix composites. Composite Structures 2018, 202, 465 -472.
AMA StyleSu-Jin Lee, Shiho Kawashima, Ki-Joong Kim, Sang-Kyun Woo, Jong-Pil Won. Interfacial properties of nanosilica-treated structural polymer fibres in cement matrix composites. Composite Structures. 2018; 202 ():465-472.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSu-Jin Lee; Shiho Kawashima; Ki-Joong Kim; Sang-Kyun Woo; Jong-Pil Won. 2018. "Interfacial properties of nanosilica-treated structural polymer fibres in cement matrix composites." Composite Structures 202, no. : 465-472.
In this study, we evaluated the shrinkage at an early age and strength development over an extended period of nanomaterial-containing cement composites. Nanoclay and graphite nanofibre were used at 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 wt% of the cement weight. Crack control was evaluated using a plastic shrinkage test. The flexural strength was measured to assess the strength recovery of the nanoclay- and nanofibre–cement composites. To examine the strength recovery, a load of 60% of the peak load was applied to the plain cement composite not containing any nanomaterial to induce crack formation. These cracked specimens were cured in water and air for an additional 28 days, and the flexural strength was measured again. Plastic shrinkage was reduced by ca. 70%, regardless of the nanomaterial type. The nanoclay–cement composites recovered more than 100% of their strength, regardless of the curing condition.
Su-Jin Lee; Shiho Kawashima; Ki-Joong Kim; Sang-Kyun Woo; Jong-Pil Won. Shrinkage characteristics and strength recovery of nanomaterials-cement composites. Composite Structures 2018, 202, 559 -565.
AMA StyleSu-Jin Lee, Shiho Kawashima, Ki-Joong Kim, Sang-Kyun Woo, Jong-Pil Won. Shrinkage characteristics and strength recovery of nanomaterials-cement composites. Composite Structures. 2018; 202 ():559-565.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSu-Jin Lee; Shiho Kawashima; Ki-Joong Kim; Sang-Kyun Woo; Jong-Pil Won. 2018. "Shrinkage characteristics and strength recovery of nanomaterials-cement composites." Composite Structures 202, no. : 559-565.
This paper identifies and addresses two challenges in extrusion-based 3D concrete printing from a materials perspective. The first is the effect of self-weight and the weight of subsequent layers on structural build-up. And the second is the excessive water loss of printed materials due to the absence of formwork. Viscosity modifying admixtures (VMAs) are extensively used in cement-based 3D printing projects to achieve sufficient print quality, shape stability, and printability window. This study aims to evaluate VMAs’ effects on the two aforementioned challenges through investigating the evolution of static yield stress under sustained stress at rest and water retention capacity of cement pastes modified with nanoclay and diutan gum.
Siwei Ma; Shiho Kawashima. Rheological and Water Transport Properties of Cement Pastes Modified with Diutan Gum and Attapulgite/Palygorskite Nanoclays for 3D Concrete Printing. RILEM Bookseries 2018, 61 -69.
AMA StyleSiwei Ma, Shiho Kawashima. Rheological and Water Transport Properties of Cement Pastes Modified with Diutan Gum and Attapulgite/Palygorskite Nanoclays for 3D Concrete Printing. RILEM Bookseries. 2018; ():61-69.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiwei Ma; Shiho Kawashima. 2018. "Rheological and Water Transport Properties of Cement Pastes Modified with Diutan Gum and Attapulgite/Palygorskite Nanoclays for 3D Concrete Printing." RILEM Bookseries , no. : 61-69.
Pozzolanic materials, micro- and nano-, have been found to improve the durability properties of cement-based materials by refining their pore structure. As a relatively newer material, the modifying effects of nanosilica on pore structure are still inconclusive in the literature. In this study, this was characterized by implementing dual beam SEM/FIB, which can generate 3D models of porous materials for quantitative analysis. The sample is milled by focused ion beam layer-by-layer, and each surface layer is 2D imaged via scanning electron microscopy. Three types of pores – large capillary pore, medium capillary pore and gel pore – can be observed. A 3D pore structure model is then reconstructed from 1000 of these 2D images, from which porosity and pore size distribution can be calculated. Cement pastes incorporating nanosilica and silica fume were compared. The porosity and pore diameter were found to decrease with the inclusion of nanosilica. Furthermore, reduction in capillary pores and subsequent increase in gel pores were also observed.
Seungmin Lim; Han-Seung Lee; Shiho Kawashima. Pore structure refinement of cement paste incorporating nanosilica: Study with dual beam scanning electron microscopy/focused ion beam (SEM/FIB). Materials Characterization 2018, 145, 323 -328.
AMA StyleSeungmin Lim, Han-Seung Lee, Shiho Kawashima. Pore structure refinement of cement paste incorporating nanosilica: Study with dual beam scanning electron microscopy/focused ion beam (SEM/FIB). Materials Characterization. 2018; 145 ():323-328.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeungmin Lim; Han-Seung Lee; Shiho Kawashima. 2018. "Pore structure refinement of cement paste incorporating nanosilica: Study with dual beam scanning electron microscopy/focused ion beam (SEM/FIB)." Materials Characterization 145, no. : 323-328.
Fiber addition has become one of the most prevalent methods for enhancing the tensile behavior of concrete. Fibers reduce cracking phenomena and improve the energy absorption capacity of the structure. On the other hand, the introduction of fibers can introduce a negative impact on concrete workability, whose loss is influenced by different parameters (among which are fiber content and fiber type). In this context, an exploratory study on the influence of steel (high stiffness) and macro-synthetic (low stiffness) fibers on the fresh properties of concrete was carried out, considering workability and air content, as well as resultant mechanical performance. Four fiber types at two volume fractions (0.5% and 1.0%) were studied in two base concretes with different water-to-cement ratios (0.45 and 0.50) by using the slump test, DIN flow table test and air content meter. An additional parameter for the DIN flow table test is proposed herein to quantify the potential preferential flow direction caused by fiber orientation and entanglement. Air meter results showed that the fibers caused only a slight increase in concrete air content; this agreed well with the results of mechanical testing, which showed no apparent effect on measured compressive strength. In addition, it was captured that, for a given fiber volume fraction, steel fibers more adversely affected Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) workability as compared to polypropylene ones, while the opposite result was obtained considering FRC toughness.
Veronica Guerini; Antonio Conforti; Giovanni Plizzari; Shiho Kawashima. Influence of Steel and Macro-Synthetic Fibers on Concrete Properties. Fibers 2018, 6, 47 .
AMA StyleVeronica Guerini, Antonio Conforti, Giovanni Plizzari, Shiho Kawashima. Influence of Steel and Macro-Synthetic Fibers on Concrete Properties. Fibers. 2018; 6 (3):47.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeronica Guerini; Antonio Conforti; Giovanni Plizzari; Shiho Kawashima. 2018. "Influence of Steel and Macro-Synthetic Fibers on Concrete Properties." Fibers 6, no. 3: 47.
Linear models are commonly used to describe the early structural build-up of cement-based materials. However, some studies have shown that there exists a faster non-linear phase before the linear phase. In this study, a simple non-linear thixotropy model is presented to describe the structural build-up process. It was quantified using static yield stress and storage modulus, which are measured through the stress growth protocol and small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) tests, respectively. The effect of pre-shear, rest condition and viscosity modifying admixtures (nanoclay and diutan gum) on the build-up behavior are studied. The results showed distinctly different trends between static yield stress and storage modulus. This may be attributed to the two different structures of fresh cement pastes, i.e. floc structures and C-S-H structures, measured by the stress growth protocol and SAOS test, respectively.
Siwei Ma; Ye Qian; Shiho Kawashima. Experimental and modeling study on the non-linear structural build-up of fresh cement pastes incorporating viscosity modifying admixtures. Cement and Concrete Research 2018, 108, 1 -9.
AMA StyleSiwei Ma, Ye Qian, Shiho Kawashima. Experimental and modeling study on the non-linear structural build-up of fresh cement pastes incorporating viscosity modifying admixtures. Cement and Concrete Research. 2018; 108 ():1-9.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiwei Ma; Ye Qian; Shiho Kawashima. 2018. "Experimental and modeling study on the non-linear structural build-up of fresh cement pastes incorporating viscosity modifying admixtures." Cement and Concrete Research 108, no. : 1-9.
In this performance-based study, the effect of palygorskite clays and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the rheological and hardened properties of a cement mortar and a blended mortar containing cement, fly ash and blast furnace slag were compared. Results showed that although the control cement mortar and control blended mortar exhibited similar rheological parameters, the additives had differing effects on each system. Palygorskite clays increased yield stress and static cohesion and decreased plastic viscosity in both systems but these effects were more marked in the cement mortar than in the blended. On the other hand, CNTs increased all measured rheological parameters in the cement mortar and decreased them in the blended. The rheological results highlighted the importance of considering the binder system when utilizing additives with exceptional surface properties like CNTs and palygorskite clays. In the hardened state, electrical resistivity, compressive strength, and tensile strength were evaluated. Results indicated that although the palygorskite clays are utilized primarily as a rheological modifier, they can also enhance mechanical properties.
Siwei Ma; Ye Qian; Shiho Kawashima. Performance-based study on the rheological and hardened properties of blended cement mortars incorporating palygorskite clays and carbon nanotubes. Construction and Building Materials 2018, 171, 663 -671.
AMA StyleSiwei Ma, Ye Qian, Shiho Kawashima. Performance-based study on the rheological and hardened properties of blended cement mortars incorporating palygorskite clays and carbon nanotubes. Construction and Building Materials. 2018; 171 ():663-671.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiwei Ma; Ye Qian; Shiho Kawashima. 2018. "Performance-based study on the rheological and hardened properties of blended cement mortars incorporating palygorskite clays and carbon nanotubes." Construction and Building Materials 171, no. : 663-671.
Ye Qian; Shiho Kawashima. Distinguishing dynamic and static yield stress of fresh cement mortars through thixotropy. Cement and Concrete Composites 2018, 86, 288 -296.
AMA StyleYe Qian, Shiho Kawashima. Distinguishing dynamic and static yield stress of fresh cement mortars through thixotropy. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2018; 86 ():288-296.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYe Qian; Shiho Kawashima. 2018. "Distinguishing dynamic and static yield stress of fresh cement mortars through thixotropy." Cement and Concrete Composites 86, no. : 288-296.
The objective of this study was to investigate whether cementitious materials undergo changes during pumping processes due to pressure variation. The influence of pressure on the rheological properties of cement pastes, which assumably represented the lubricating layer that forms along the profile of concrete during pumping, was evaluated using a rotational rheometer with a high-pressure cell. Cement pastes with water-to-cement ratios ranging from 0.35 to 0.6 were tested according to a protocol designed to simulate the conditions of an actual pumping process based on field tests. The shear rates, shearing durations, and pressure levels from 0 to 30 MPa were experimentally simulated. The test results indicated that below a certain water-to-cement ratio (0.40) elevated pressures lead to changes in the rheological properties, while changes were negligible when the ratio was above this threshold. Further, at low water-to-cement ratios the thixotropy of the cement paste can reverse into rheopexy after pressurization.clos
Jae Hong Kim; Seung Hee Kwon; Shiho Kawashima; Hong Jae Yim. Rheology of cement paste under high pressure. Cement and Concrete Composites 2017, 77, 60 -67.
AMA StyleJae Hong Kim, Seung Hee Kwon, Shiho Kawashima, Hong Jae Yim. Rheology of cement paste under high pressure. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2017; 77 ():60-67.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJae Hong Kim; Seung Hee Kwon; Shiho Kawashima; Hong Jae Yim. 2017. "Rheology of cement paste under high pressure." Cement and Concrete Composites 77, no. : 60-67.
Sung-Hwan Jang; Daniel Peter Hochstein; Shiho Kawashima; Huiming Yin. Experiments and micromechanical modeling of electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube/cement composites with moisture. Cement and Concrete Composites 2017, 77, 49 -59.
AMA StyleSung-Hwan Jang, Daniel Peter Hochstein, Shiho Kawashima, Huiming Yin. Experiments and micromechanical modeling of electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube/cement composites with moisture. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2017; 77 ():49-59.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSung-Hwan Jang; Daniel Peter Hochstein; Shiho Kawashima; Huiming Yin. 2017. "Experiments and micromechanical modeling of electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube/cement composites with moisture." Cement and Concrete Composites 77, no. : 49-59.
Ye Qian; Shiho Kawashima. Flow onset of fresh mortars in rheometers: Contribution of paste deflocculation and sand particle migration. Cement and Concrete Research 2016, 90, 97 -103.
AMA StyleYe Qian, Shiho Kawashima. Flow onset of fresh mortars in rheometers: Contribution of paste deflocculation and sand particle migration. Cement and Concrete Research. 2016; 90 ():97-103.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYe Qian; Shiho Kawashima. 2016. "Flow onset of fresh mortars in rheometers: Contribution of paste deflocculation and sand particle migration." Cement and Concrete Research 90, no. : 97-103.
Ye Qian; Shiho Kawashima. Use of creep recovery protocol to measure static yield stress and structural rebuilding of fresh cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Research 2016, 90, 73 -79.
AMA StyleYe Qian, Shiho Kawashima. Use of creep recovery protocol to measure static yield stress and structural rebuilding of fresh cement pastes. Cement and Concrete Research. 2016; 90 ():73-79.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYe Qian; Shiho Kawashima. 2016. "Use of creep recovery protocol to measure static yield stress and structural rebuilding of fresh cement pastes." Cement and Concrete Research 90, no. : 73-79.