In 5G networks, microcells are densely deployed for the spatial reuse to cooperate with the traditional macrocells, and thus a moving user equipment (UE) usually experiences a more irregular change of the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and is more likely to disconnect to the serving cells when proceeding a handover. Hence, efficient handover algorithms in 4G networks no longer perform well in 5G networks. In addition, deep learning is a common method able to deliver highly accurate classification results for classification problems. In this paper, we make the first attempt to consider the SINR change of a UE in the handover problem in 5G networks, and to reduce the handover problem to a classification problem and solve the classification problem using a deep neural network (DNN). Simulations show that the proposed algorithm has a good performance in terms of the radio link failure rate and the ping-pong rate in 5G networks, as compared with the state-of-the-art methods.

We report on the design, fabrication, and characterization of millimeter-length strip waveguides with monolithic grating couplers in commercially available synthetic single-crystal diamond. To minimize the device footprint and the influence of the wafer wedge of the single-crystal diamond thin plate, we adopt a curled waveguide layout. The devices are fabricated using electron-beam lithography and reactive-ion etching. To improve the e-beam patterning accuracy of the grating etch masks, we apply proximity-effect compensation on the gratings and tapers. The linear characterization results indicate a waveguide attenuation of 6.5 dB/mm and a grating transmission of -6.3 dB in the fiber-optic communication C band. These results demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating long waveguides and integrated grating couplers in single-crystal diamond. Our research findings would be beneficial for further exploring quantum and nonlinear optics in integrated single-crystal diamond devices.

There is significant interest in 3D interconnect technology due to its capability to provide fast, efficient inter-die interconnects at a minimum package footprint. Intermetallic Cu-Sn bonding has been widely investigated for 3D interconnects. However, the electromigration (EM) intrinsic reliability of the 3D Cu-Sn die-to-die microconnects has not been reported. In this paper the EM performance of 3D Cu-Sn microconnects formed by thermo-compression bonding is investigated and the failure mechanisms are discussed. The 3D stacked dice were assembled in wire bond ceramic packages and EM tests were conducted in both air and nitrogen ambient at various temperatures. Microconnect chain and Kelvin structure's failure lifetime and the mean time to failure (MTTF) were measured. The failure analysis has been conducted and the possible failure mechanism has been proposed.

Nanofibrous dressing materials with an antitumor function can potentially inhibit recurrence of melanoma following the surgical excision of skin tumors. In this study, hydrolyzed polyacrylonitrile (hPAN) nanofibers biofunctionalized with L-carnosine (CAR) and loaded with bio (CAR)-synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, ZnO/CAR-hPAN (hereafter called ZCPAN), were employed to develop an antimelanoma wound dressing. Inspired by the formulation of the commercial wound healing Zn-CAR complex, i.e., polaprezinc (PLZ), for the first time, we benefitted from the synergy of zinc and CAR to create an antimelanoma nanofibrous wound dressing. According to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, ultrafine ZnO nanoparticles were homogenously distributed throughout the nanofibrous dressing. The ZCPAN nanofiber mat showed a significantly higher toughness (18.7 MJ.m⁻³ vs. 1.4 MJ.m⁻³) and an enhanced elongation at break (stretchability) compared to the neat PAN nanofiber mat (12% vs. 9.5%). Additionally, optical coherence elastography (OCE) measurements indicated that the ZCPAN nanofibrous dressing was as stiff as 50.57 ± 8.17 kPa which is notably larger than that of the PAN nanofibrous dressing, i.e., 24.49 ± 6.83 kPa. The optimum mechanical performance of the ZCPAN nanofibers originates from physicochemical interaction of CAR ligands, hPAN nanofibers, and ZnO nanoparticles through hydrogen bonding, electrostatic bonding, and esterification, as verified using ATR-FTIR. An in vitro cell viability assay using human skin melanoma cells implied that the cells are notably killed in the presence of the ZCPAN nanofibers compared to the PAN nanofibers. Thanks to ROS generating ZnO nanoparticles, this behavior originates from the high reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative damage of melanoma cells, as verified through a CellROX assay. In this regard, an apoptotic cell response to the ZCPAN nanofibers was recorded through an apoptosis assay. Taken together, the ZCPAN nanofibers induce an antimelanoma effect through oxidative stress and thus are a high potential wound dressing material to suppress melanoma regrowth after surgical excision of skin tumors.

To survey fungal pathogens and parasitoids of aphids in the low-latitude plateau of Yunnan, southwest China, 3,553 migratory alates of Brevicoryne br

Breast ultrasound elastography phantoms are valued for their ability to mimic human tissue, enabling calibration for quality assurance and testing of imaging systems. Phantoms may facilitate the development and evaluation of ultrasound techniques by accurately simulating the properties of breasts. However, selecting appropriate tissue-mimicking materials for realistic and accurate ultrasound exams is crucial to ensure the ultrasound system responds similarly to real breast tissue. We conducted a systematic review of the PubMed, Scopes, Embase, and Web of Sciences databases, identifying 928 articles in the initial search, of which 19 were selected for further evaluation based on our inclusion criteria. The chosen article focused on tissue-mimicking materials in breast ultrasound elastography phantom fabrication, providing detailed information on the fabrication process, the materials used, and ultrasound and elastography validation of phantoms. The phantoms fabricated from Polyvinyl Chloride Plastisol, silicon, and paraffin were best suited for mimicking breast, fatty, glandular, and parenchyma tissues. Adding scatterers to these materials facilitates accurate fatty and glandular breast tissue simulations, making them ideal for ultrasound quality assurance and elastography training. Future research should focus on developing more realistic phantoms for advanced medical training, improving the practice of difficult procedures, enhancing breast cancer detection research, and providing tailored tissue characteristics.