The objectives of the current study were to investigate the activity of the electron transport chain (ETC) complexes, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a

Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) modulates many physiological processes by binding to its ligand, as well as transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGFB2) regulates cell growth and development in animals and, therefore, are candidate genes for performance in chickens. In the current study, single nucleotide polymorphisms of GHSR C3286 > T and TGFB2 T(-640) > C were genotyped in sire and dam lines of a broiler chicken to evaluate the association with the growth and body composition traits. Least squares means analysis showed that the GHSR C3286 > T SNP was significantly (P < 0.01) associated with growth (DFI and ADG) and body composition traits (AFW and %AFW). In addition, the TGFB2 T(-640) > C SNP was associated with ADG (P < 0.05) and DFI and body composition traits (DW, LBW, BAKWT, %BMW, %HNDWT and %CW) (P < 0.01). Significant associations of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the traits reported in the present study might be the distinct usage of codons in avian, or relating to an enhancer element and modulating the expression of the gene in chicken. The data indicated that these SNPs could be valuable genetic elements for selection of chickens for better performance in the population.

The human–animal relationship and its benefits have been a popular issue in recent decades. This study focuses on the dog as a paradigmatic example of this complex bond. The relationship between human and dog evolved over thousands of years through the domestication process. During this period, climatic, cultural, geographical and social changes have had a direct impact on this bond. Dogs have a remarkable capacity to play a variety of roles that mirror the evolution of human societies. Subsequently, questions arise regarding the important and symbolic roles that canines played in ancient cultures, religions and mythological traditions. Specifically, how have these roles changed through history? This research aimed to explore the socio‐economic aspects of the human–dog relationship, spanning from ancient civilizations to modern societies. Through a systematic search methodology, this investigation seeks to provide insights into the dynamics of the complex human–dog relationship, including historical backgrounds, socio‐cultural dynamics, economic implications and associated challenges. Additionally, the present study addresses the environmental concerns that emerge alongside rising stray dog populations. This research emphasizes the importance of strategies to balance the benefits of this coexistence that promote human and animal welfare.