Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and optic nerve fibers. Increased age and intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation are the main risk factors for developing glaucoma. Mice that are heterozygous (HET) for the mega-karyocyte protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (PTP-Meg2) show chronic and progressive IOP elevation, severe RGCs loss, and optic nerve damage, and represent a valuable model for IOP-dependent primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Previously, evidence accumulated suggesting that glaucomatous neurodegeneration is associated with the extensive remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules. Unfortunately, little is known about the exact ECM changes in the glaucomatous retina and optic nerve. Hence, the goal of the present study was to comparatively explore ECM alterations in glaucomatous PTP-Meg2 HET and control wild type (WT) mice. Due to their potential relevance in glaucomatous neurodegeneration, we specifically analyzed the expression pattern of the ECM glycoproteins fibronectin, laminin, tenascin-C, and tenascin-R as well as the proteoglycans aggrecan, brevican, and members of the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase beta/zeta (RPTPβ/ζ) family. The analyses were carried out in the retina and optic nerve of glaucomatous PTP-Meg2 HET and WT mice using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), immunohistochemistry, and Western blot. Interestingly, we observed increased fibronectin and laminin levels in the glaucomatous HET retina and optic nerve compared to the WT group. RT-qPCR analyses of the laminins α4, β2 and γ3 showed an altered isoform-specific regulation in the HET retina and optic nerve. In addition, an upregulation of tenascin-C and its interaction partner RPTPβ/ζ/phosphacan was found in glaucomatous tissue. However, comparable protein and mRNA levels for tenascin-R as well as aggrecan and brevican were observed in both groups. Overall, our study showed a remodeling of various ECM components in the glaucomatous retina and optic nerve of PTP-Meg2 HET mice. This dysregulation could be responsible for pathological processes such as neovascularization, inflammation, and reactive gliosis in glaucomatous neurodegeneration.

Studies have suggested an involvement of the immune system in glaucoma. Hence, a rat experimental autoimmune glaucoma model (EAG) was developed to investigate the role of the immune response. Here, we transferred this model into mice. Either 0.8 mg/mL of the optic nerve antigen homogenate (ONA; ONA 0.8) or 1.0 mg/mL ONA (ONA 1.0) were injected in 129/Sv mice. Controls received sodium chloride. Before and 6 weeks after immunization, the intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured. At 6 weeks, retinal neurons, glia cells, and synapses were analyzed via immunohistology and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Additionally, optic nerves were examined. The IOP stayed in the normal physiological range throughout the study (p > 0.05). A significant reduction of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was noted in both immunized groups (p < 0.001). Remodeling of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses was seen in ONA 1.0 retinas. Furthermore, both ONA groups revealed optic nerve degeneration and macrogliosis (all: p < 0.001). An increase of activated microglia was noted in ONA retinas and optic nerves (p < 0.05). Both ONA concentrations led to RGC loss and optic nerve degeneration. Therefore, the EAG model was successfully transferred from rats to mice. In further studies, transgenic knockout mice can be used to investigate the pathomechanisms of glaucoma more precisely.