The content is an attempt to search ameliorated solutions, allowing to improve transport efficiency. Regarding to air transport, such work is mainly undertaking in the Commercial Air Transport (CAT). However, in General Aviation (GA) there are more air accidents. The paper presents how a modern flight simulator can be used to extend efficiency in GA. The work was carried out in three directions: ecology, economy and safety. According to ecological problems, it was indicated, that the actual emission obtained during tests using the CKAS MS5 simulator is less than the one calculated in accordance with the commonly used LTO procedure. The range of differences reach from 14% to even 54%. It has also been proven that implementation of the system which can monitor pilot’s psychophysical condition and supporting his work in a situation of a shortage of cognitive resources may contribute to reduce the risk in about 40% of formulated, in the area of analysis, hazards. The area is defined as: general aviation flight in uncontrolled space with Visual Flight Rules (VFR). Due to the often mentioned effect of fatigue as a factor favouring incidents and air accidents, it was decided to investigate how the fatigue resulting from sleepless night can affect the pilot’s functioning during the flight. This investigations confirmed that pilot’s fatigue can increase its reaction timer by about 15%.

The aviation engines homologation process takes place in LTO (Landing and Take-Off) test cycle. Mentioned procedure is good for the approval applications because the test conditions are repeatable and obtained results could be compared between different engines. The authors compared in this article the exhaust emission results obtained in LTO test cycle during selected engine homologation with values obtained in estimations. Two Allied Signal TFE731-2-2B engines with a thrust of 15.6 kN were taken into considerations. The engines are used to propel the popular VLJ (Very Light Jet) aircraft: Dassault Falcon 100. Adopted methodology of emission estimation is very similar to the LTO, because the authors use the emission factors obtained in LTO cycle, specified for selected engines. Also, the duration of take-off, climb-out and approach LTO phases were adopted to the estimations. In the analyzed case, 16 scenarios of taxi phase were selected on the basis of the Warsaw Chopin Airport available runways. Duration of taxi phase in these cases vary between 3.1 to 11.0 minutes which is at least 58% less than in LTO test. Assuming the real taxi times change the exhaust emission results comparing to normal LTO cycle up to about 64%. The proposed methodology could be used for assessing environmental impact of air operations, which can be used to create the reports with more accurate data than with typical LTO times.

Despite the introduction of increasingly restrictive regulations, the air quality in Poland is still considered one of the worst in Europe. Two cities (Wroclaw and Cracow) were selected for this study, so they represent a pair of Polish cities with poor air quality, and at the same time are academic cities, popular with tourists. The article focuses on the emission of particulate matter, which is one of the most dangerous components of air pollution. The focus was on particles less than 10 µm in diameter which are most often neglected at measuring stations. We have identified the sources of particulate emissions in selected locations in Wroclaw and Cracow, and then measured particles in terms of their mass and number distribution. It was noted that the PM₁₀ emission values obtained as a result of the measurements were different from the value specified by the Inspectorate of the Environmental Protection in Poland.

The widely held thesis is that the profession of pilot is one of the most difficult jobs to do. The task of the article was to analyse whether and how the difficulty of the performed task affects the pilot’s workload during the flight. The research was carried out using a flight simulator. During the simulator tests, the cognitive load measurements represented by the change in pilot pulse and concentration were used. A finger pulse oximeter was used for the first purpose. The second device was Mindwave Mobile which allows to measure level of pilot’s concentration and relaxation. The NASA-TLX questionnaire is used as a subjective method of operator’s workload assessment. The examined person assesses the level of his/her load, using six dimensions: mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, performance, effort, and frustration level. Five research hypotheses were put forward and verified by the Friedman test. It has been shown that the level of difficulty of individual stages of the study is appropriately differentiated by pulse, concentration, relaxation, and subjective assessment of the respondents’ workload. It has been proved that pulse measurement, concentration, and relaxation levels, as well as subjective assessment of load levels, can be successfully used to assess the psychophysical condition of the operator. Keyword : flight simulator, pilot workload, task difficulty, aviation, Friedman test

The increasingly restrictive standards related to exhaust emissions from cars make difficult the development of internal combustion engines. The activities undertaken in the design of internal combustion engines are mainly based on downsizing, e.g decreasing the engines displacement. The main direction in the development of vehicle propulsion is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. It is expected to reduce CO2 emissions in 2020 to reach 95 g/km. Electric vehicles achieve low noise levels and do not emitted a burn, and thus, their use leads to a reduction in the amount of toxic exhaust gases in the air. The aspect of reducing emissions of harmful exhaust compounds and activities focusing on downsizing on the market of combustion engine cars leads to a significant increase the number of electric vehicles. In 2018 around 95 million motor vehicles were registered in the world, of which around 12 million in the European Union and 273 thousand in Poland. The number of electric vehicles among all sold is around 5.5%. Every year new, more technologically advanced models appear on the electric vehicle market. In 2018, the most popular model was the Nissan LEAF and the BAIC EC-Series. A large number of Renault ZOE have also been sold. In article analyzed different models of electric vehicle, which are available on market and presented the characteristics based on e.g. price per 100 kilometers, range for every model or charging time.

The article focuses on emission analysis of non-CO2 pollutions from aircraft engines on different flight levels: FL240, FL300 and FL350. The calculation were made based on A320 flight from Berlin to Lisbon at the flight level 350, which was the reference flight level in the analysis. Four sustainable aviation fuel have been taken into consideration, which are biofuel from jatropha and biofuel from camelina in different percentage of fuel: 20% of CSPK and JSPK and 40% of CSPK and JSPK. The results showed, that the lowest emission of carbon monoxide is on the lowest tested flight level for flight on biofuel, and the lowest emission of nitrogen oxides is for Jet A-1 on the lowest tested flight level. Emission of every toxic gas compound has been compared to conventional jet fuel on the flight level 350 to show the differences between flight levels.