Due to their particular water absorption capacity, hydrogels are the most widely used scaffolds in biomedical studies to regenerate damaged tissue. Hydrogels can be used in tissue engineering to design scaffolds for three-dimensional cell culture, providing a novel alternative to the traditional two-dimensional cell culture as hydrogels have a three-dimensional biomimetic structure. This material property is crucial in regenerative medicine, especially for the nervous system, since it is a highly complex and delicate structure. Hydrogels can move quickly within the human body without physically disturbing the environment and possess essential biocompatible properties, as well as the ability to form a mimetic scaffold in situ. Therefore, hydrogels are perfect candidates for biomedical applications. Hydrogels represent a potential alternative to regenerating tissue lost after removing a brain tumor and/or brain injuries. This reason presents them as an exciting alternative to highly complex human physiological problems, such as injuries to the central nervous system and neurodegenerative disease.

Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) possess unique physicochemical properties that have enabled their engineering for loading drugs, contrast agents, and targeting moieties for cellular and intracellular components, highlighting their emerging role as versatile tools in managing neurological disorders. In therapeutic applications, the surface plasmon resonance characteristics of gold and silver NPs and the responsiveness of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to external magnetic fields facilitate the disruption of protein aggregates and the eradication of cancer cells. For diagnostic purposes, the inherent high electron density of metallic NPs makes them effective contrast agents in imaging technologies. Moreover, these NPs have proven their capability to traverse the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and interact with central nervous system (CNS) components. Despite their extensive scientific exploration and promising applications, metallic NPs have not yet achieved widespread clinical implementation, especially in comparison to polymer‐based NPs. This article presents an in‐depth examination of the physicochemical properties of metallic NPs relevant to neurological applications. It summarizes their roles in diagnosis and therapy, focusing on gold, magnetic, silver, titanium, and cerium NPs. Additionally, this document explains the incorporation of metal NPs in their application and their effect on the human body.

Extracellular particles (EPs) are a heterogeneous pool of secreted messengers in cell-cell communication. The isolation of EPs from supernatants, biofluids, and solid tissues allows further research into understanding the role of EPs in physiological and pathological scenarios, which aids in the development of EP-based therapies in biomedicine. This article presents a straightforward, direct, and applicable method for isolating and characterizing EPs from three regions of the porcine brain: the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. The protocol is a method based on three steps: enzymatic treatment, differential centrifugation, and filtration/ultrafiltration to isolate the brain’s EPs. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (ZetaView) revealed the enrichment of the brain’s EPs in the size range of 20–200 nm when isolated using this protocol. Additionally, CD63 and HSP70 expression was assessed by Western Blot without finding significant differences between the brain regions. This simple adapted method will help the understanding of extracellular ecosystems in the CNS and could have interesting implications in brain diagnosis and therapy.

The fabrication of decellularized small intestinal submucosa (dSIS) requires a precise balance between effective cellular removal and the preservation of structural integrity. In this study, we compared four published dSIS protocols representing detergent-based, chaotropic-salt-based, and sequential ionic/alkaline–acidic strategies. Their performance was evaluated based on residual DNA, collagen preservation, surface ultrastructure, and mechanical properties. The best decellularization protocol demonstrated the lowest residual DNA levels, together with better collagen retention, scaffold architecture, and mechanical performance than the other methods tested. The selected decellularized scaffold was used in a murine acute wound model and showed good biocompatibility and integration with the surrounding tissue at 10 days after implantation. However, further extensive testing in murine models is essential before future scaling. Finally, this comparative study provides a practical framework for selecting dSIS preparation methods for skin repair applications.

A pesar del hecho que diferentes tipos de células tienen diferentes funciones y morfologías, todas descienden de una célula ancestral común, conocidas también como células madre, por lo que esencialmente comparten el mismo ADN. Lo que las diferencia es la dinámica molecular, lo cual implica regular modificaciones químicas en el microambiente interno de las células con el fin de modular el nicho de un tejido o un órgano. Uno de los principales objetivos de este artículo de revisión, es recapitular el desarrollo normal del organismo y como se puede aprovechar la capacidad regenerativa endógena de las células madre. Este articulo define los conceptos claves en biología de células madre con respecto al sistema nervioso, presenta una descripción general del desarrollo de las células oligodendrociticas y su importancia en el desarrollo de la mielinización, el cual requiere un modelo experimental en el que los axones neuronales y los oligodendrocitos se puedan controlar y manipular durante el proceso.