Nanostructured materials lie at the heart of fundamental advances in efficient energy storage and/or conversion, in which surface processes and transport kinetics play determining roles. This review describes recent developments in the synthesis and characterization of composites which consist of lithium metal phosphates (LiMPO₄, M = Fe, Co, Ni, Mn) coated on nanostructured carbon architectures (unordered and ordered carbon nanotubes, amorphous carbon, carbon foams). The major goal of this review is to highlight new progress in using different three dimensional nanostructured carbon architectures as support for the phosphate based cathode materials (e.g.: LiFePO₄, LiCoPO₄) of high electronic conductivity to develop lithium batteries with high energy density, high rate capability and excellent cycling stability resulting from their huge surface area and short distance for mass and charge transport.

At small amplitudes, the equilibrium positions of the ions are changed. High amplitudes lead to a drastic distortion of the ion arrangement in the double layer, increasing the capacitance and asymmetric ion movements.

Direct integration of a metallic lithium anode with the ceramic Li_1.3Al_0.3Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃ (LATP) electrolyte into an all-solid-state battery is highly challenging due to their chemical and electrochemical incompatibility. Herein, a layered hybrid solid electrolyte is designed by coating the ceramic LATP electrolyte with a protective polymer electrolyte, polyphosphazene/PVDF-HFP/LiBOB. This polymer electrolyte comprises highly Li⁺ conductive polyphosphazene and mechanically stable PVDF-HFP as the polymer matrix, and the mobile lithium ions in the polymer layer are supplied by LiBOB. Equipped with both polymer and ceramic components, the hybrid electrolyte possesses favorable features, such as a flexible surface, high ionic conductivity, high chemical stability against lithium and wide electrochemical stability window (4.7 V), which all to help realize its application in all-solid-state lithium batteries. The prepared all-solid-state battery with a metallic lithium anode and high-voltage Li₃V₂(PO₄)₃/CNT cathode shows high capacity and excellent cycling performance with negligible capacity loss over 500 cycles at 50 °C. Furthermore, the analysis of the hybrid solid electrolyte after long-term cycling demonstrates outstanding electrode/electrolyte interfacial stability. This study suggests that use of solid organic–inorganic hybrid electrolyte is a promising approach to circumvent the mechanical, chemical and electrochemical limitations at the interface of electrodes and ceramic electrolyte for all-solid-state batteries.

Varying the electrode potential rearranges the charges in the double layer (DL) of an electrochemical interface. Resistive contributions of the ion displacement cause a frequency-dependent capacitance.