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This paper sets the stage for research on sustainable investment (SI) related to psychological well-being (PWB). It recognizes the threat of current global consumption levels to exceed the planetary boundaries and asks what roles financial markets may play in reducing these threats without compromising PWB. SI integrates environmental (E), social (S), and governance (G) factors alongside financial factors in investments in company shares and bonds as well as through active engagement in companies. Barriers to ESG integration include lower short-term financial performance, higher financial risks, and insufficient ESG screening by investors. A brief review of PWB shows that reliable and valid measurement methods have been developed, that the resulting measures complement economic and social national welfare indicators, and that health, sufficient material welfare, income equality, and non-material consumption are important determinants of PWB. The challenge is to globally reduce private material consumption levels in affluent countries. It is suggested that one role SI may play is in investing or actively engaging in companies that efficiently meet an increasing consumer demand of non-material consumption. Future research should address this role of SI.
Tommy Gärling; Magnus Jansson. Sustainable Investment: Consequences for Psychological Well-Being. Sustainability 2021, 13, 9256 .
AMA StyleTommy Gärling, Magnus Jansson. Sustainable Investment: Consequences for Psychological Well-Being. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):9256.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTommy Gärling; Magnus Jansson. 2021. "Sustainable Investment: Consequences for Psychological Well-Being." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 9256.
Several pressures on planetary boundaries are directly linked to the production of goods and services driven by people’s ever-increasing spending of money to improve their material living standard beyond a comfortable life. The over-spending on material consumption by people in industrialized countries, and in the growing middle and upper classes of developing countries, constitutes a serious threat to the planet, does not boost individual happiness, and exposes citizens in a society to inequalities known to negatively affect their well-being. Owing to economic means and psychological factors spurring consumption, affluence increases spending on consumption of expensive luxury goods and services that aggregated have detrimental effects on the planet. We conjecture that these effects are increased by consumer credit enabling moderately affluent people to match their peers’ and the very affluent people’s spending on expensive luxury consumption, and making less affluent people over-spend money on purchases of inexpensive short-lived fast-fashion consumer products. In addition to other means to curtail current unsustainable consumption levels, our analysis highlights that consumer credit may need to be restricted.
Richard Ahlström; Tommy Gärling; John Thøgersen. Affluence and unsustainable consumption levels: The role of consumer credit. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption 2020, 1, 100003 .
AMA StyleRichard Ahlström, Tommy Gärling, John Thøgersen. Affluence and unsustainable consumption levels: The role of consumer credit. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption. 2020; 1 ():100003.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRichard Ahlström; Tommy Gärling; John Thøgersen. 2020. "Affluence and unsustainable consumption levels: The role of consumer credit." Cleaner and Responsible Consumption 1, no. : 100003.
Consumer credit is a major financial market worldwide. The market is a driver of economic growth that benefits consumers by allowing them to make purchases at times they otherwise could not afford. In this chapter we focus on consumers’ use of credit to fund purchases and how decisions to borrow are made. We also consider consequences of credit use, particularly negative ones such as over-indebtedness. Our conceptualization of the borrowing decision process taps into the perspective of dual process theories of judgement and decision making. Thus, decisions to borrow are partly effortless, fast, automatic, and emotionally charged, partly effortful, slow, deliberate, and cold-headed. Antecedents of credit use are needs aroused by old consumer products being worn out or desires evoked by the availability and marketing of new products. A major determinant of borrowing referred to as present-biased temporal discounting is that people judge the value of immediate consumption to exceed the value of deferred consumption. We review research on factors that limit borrowing by strengthening or weakening self-control. We also review research showing how borrowers evaluate credit options and decide which to accept. We further note that the pain of repaying loans may undermine satisfaction derived from consumption for borrowed money and that over-indebtedness has negative psychological consequences. Finally, we suggest issues for future research, including interventions to reduce overspending and overborrowing, the antecedent role of attitudes, the utility of qualitative versus quantitative information for informed credit choices, and the role of broader psychological support for those over-indebted.
Tommy Gärling; Rob Ranyard. The Psychological Perspective on the Antecedents and Consequences of Consumer Borrowing. Psychological Perspectives on Financial Decision Making 2020, 267 -290.
AMA StyleTommy Gärling, Rob Ranyard. The Psychological Perspective on the Antecedents and Consequences of Consumer Borrowing. Psychological Perspectives on Financial Decision Making. 2020; ():267-290.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTommy Gärling; Rob Ranyard. 2020. "The Psychological Perspective on the Antecedents and Consequences of Consumer Borrowing." Psychological Perspectives on Financial Decision Making , no. : 267-290.
The aim is to investigate whether elevated risk taking in asset market experiments driven by rank-based performance incentives decrease if removing a time limit on choices and minimizing complexity of strategic optimization. In a scenario experiment, business school students (n = 123) acting as investment managers in a fund company make investments at self-paced rates. The results show that investments are influenced by rank-based compensations implemented as a relative comparison standard but not that risk taking is elevated. The motive to minimize losses relative to others appear to counteract risk taking, particularly if poor performance is penalized by reducing the fixed income.
Tommy Gärling; Dawei Fang; Martin Holmen; Patrik Michaelsen. Fast and Slow Investments in Asset Markets: Influences on Risk Taking. Journal of Behavioral Finance 2020, 22, 84 -96.
AMA StyleTommy Gärling, Dawei Fang, Martin Holmen, Patrik Michaelsen. Fast and Slow Investments in Asset Markets: Influences on Risk Taking. Journal of Behavioral Finance. 2020; 22 (1):84-96.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTommy Gärling; Dawei Fang; Martin Holmen; Patrik Michaelsen. 2020. "Fast and Slow Investments in Asset Markets: Influences on Risk Taking." Journal of Behavioral Finance 22, no. 1: 84-96.
Travel behavior research has only started to address how travel affects emotional wellbeing. The development of measurement methods is an important goal of this research. A review and assessment of methods of measuring travel-related emotional wellbeing is presented guided by a conceptual framework specifying what is measured (cognitive evaluations, emotional responses, or moods), the way it is measured (proactively, instantaneously, or retrospectively), and when it is measured (before, during, or after travel). Anticipated, current, residual and recalled moods are the objects of the measurement. Only studies of commuting or other types of daily travel are addressed. We find that no research has measured anticipated moods, some research has measured current moods before, after and during travel, and most research has measured recalled moods. The most valid and reliable method is to measure current mood instantaneously at several points in time, before, during, and after travel. A measure of emotional wellbeing can then be obtained by objective aggregation. An approximate more feasible method is to retrospectively measure recalled moods for a given specified time period that may not only include travel. The available methods for measuring recalled moods have acceptable psychometric properties but research is needed to validate these methods by comparing the results to an objective aggregation of instantaneous measures of current mood at different points in time.
Tommy Gärling; Dick Ettema; Filip Fors Connolly; Margareta Friman; Lars E. Olsson. Review and assessment of self-reports of travel-related emotional wellbeing. Journal of Transport & Health 2020, 17, 100843 .
AMA StyleTommy Gärling, Dick Ettema, Filip Fors Connolly, Margareta Friman, Lars E. Olsson. Review and assessment of self-reports of travel-related emotional wellbeing. Journal of Transport & Health. 2020; 17 ():100843.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTommy Gärling; Dick Ettema; Filip Fors Connolly; Margareta Friman; Lars E. Olsson. 2020. "Review and assessment of self-reports of travel-related emotional wellbeing." Journal of Transport & Health 17, no. : 100843.
We propose a theory of how situational activation of values evokes positive and negative feelings. In conjunction we present a re-conceptualization of Schwartz’ et al. (J Personal Soc Psychol 103:663–688, 2012. 10.1037/a029393) value set including additional values. In our new value set, we posit contrastive values having opposite values and central values having no opposite values. As a consequence, balanced access to salient opposite contrastive values and maximal access to central values evoke the strongest positive and weakest negative feelings. Study 1 shows, as hypothesized, that contrastive values form a circumplex structure with central values located inside its periphery. Study 2 supports theoretically derived hypotheses of how positive and negative feelings are evoked by different degrees of access to values, salience of opposite values, and centrality of values.
William Montgomery; Henry Montgomery; Tommy Gärling. How situational activation of values evokes positive and negative feelings: Theory and experimental findings. Motivation and Emotion 2020, 44, 608 -620.
AMA StyleWilliam Montgomery, Henry Montgomery, Tommy Gärling. How situational activation of values evokes positive and negative feelings: Theory and experimental findings. Motivation and Emotion. 2020; 44 (4):608-620.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWilliam Montgomery; Henry Montgomery; Tommy Gärling. 2020. "How situational activation of values evokes positive and negative feelings: Theory and experimental findings." Motivation and Emotion 44, no. 4: 608-620.
Using Item Response Theory to analyse survey data from a representative sample of 551 Swedish citizens, a new 16-question measure of fact-based financial literacy is developed and validated. Uni-dimensionality of the measure is verified, and expected correlations are observed with an existing measure of fact-based financial literacy, a measure of subjective financial literacy or confidence, and age, gender, and income. A significant impact of fact-based and subjective financial literacy are found on three time-ordered stages of individuals’ retirement behaviour: planning, saving, and investment management. It is concluded that policies increasing final literacy are important in different phases of the life cycle.
J. C. Hauff; A. Carlander; T. Gärling; G. Nicolini. Retirement Financial Behaviour: How Important Is Being Financially Literate? Journal of Consumer Policy 2020, 43, 543 -564.
AMA StyleJ. C. Hauff, A. Carlander, T. Gärling, G. Nicolini. Retirement Financial Behaviour: How Important Is Being Financially Literate? Journal of Consumer Policy. 2020; 43 (3):543-564.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. C. Hauff; A. Carlander; T. Gärling; G. Nicolini. 2020. "Retirement Financial Behaviour: How Important Is Being Financially Literate?" Journal of Consumer Policy 43, no. 3: 543-564.
The aim is to investigate how present‐biased temporal discounting caused by feelings of financial deficit, attitude toward borrowing, and financial involvement and knowledge determine young adults’ likelihood of borrowing to purchases of desired consumer products. A sample of 273 young adults aged 18 to 30 years answered an online questionnaire including experimental treatments to induce present‐biased temporal discounting and followed by questions about attitude toward borrowing, financial involvement/knowledge, and financial resources. In different treatment conditions, participants rated the likelihood of borrowing to purchases of desired consumer products at prices judged to be unaffordable or to replacement purchases of equally expensive products in the future but not immediately. In a control condition, participants rated the likelihood of borrowing to an equally expensive, already purchased product to be paid immediately. A higher likelihood of borrowing to purchases of the desired and already purchased unpaid products was observed, but the difference to the needed products was not statistically significant. Likelihood of borrowing was strongly suppressed by a negative attitude, in all between‐group conditions equally influenced by self‐assessed financial resources but unaffected by financial involvement/knowledge. Both financial involvement/knowledge and a negative attitude decreased choices of months of instalment payments with the consequence that the monthly repayment cost increased.
Tommy Gärling; Patrik Michaelsen; Amelie Gamble. Young adults’ borrowing to purchases of desired consumer products related to present‐biased temporal discounting, attitude towards borrowing and financial involvement and knowledge. International Journal of Consumer Studies 2019, 44, 131 -139.
AMA StyleTommy Gärling, Patrik Michaelsen, Amelie Gamble. Young adults’ borrowing to purchases of desired consumer products related to present‐biased temporal discounting, attitude towards borrowing and financial involvement and knowledge. International Journal of Consumer Studies. 2019; 44 (2):131-139.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTommy Gärling; Patrik Michaelsen; Amelie Gamble. 2019. "Young adults’ borrowing to purchases of desired consumer products related to present‐biased temporal discounting, attitude towards borrowing and financial involvement and knowledge." International Journal of Consumer Studies 44, no. 2: 131-139.
Frequent observations showing that travel influences satisfaction with life suggest that transport policy making and planning would increase society’s welfare by taking this influence into account. To do this requires detailed knowledge of how travel influences satisfaction with life. Two routes of influence have been proposed and empirically confirmed, one through the facilitation of out-of-home activities that are important for satisfaction with life, and the other through reducing negative feelings caused by hassles associated with daily travel. The latter route is the focus of the chapter. A theoretical framework is proposed that makes quantitative predictions of the impacts of transient feelings (emotional responses) on enduring feelings (mood) with consequences for well-being during and after travel. Positive and negative emotional responses are assumed to be evoked by both transient critical incidents (e.g. disruptions) and non-transient factors (e.g. noise) during travel. Numerical experiments illustrate the quantitative predictions of changes in mood during and after travel for both types of evoking factors. It is also shown how emotion regulation may moderate effects of transient factors as well as how hedonic adaptation and desensitization associated with non-transient factors may affect mood after travel. The conclusion is that measurement of mood at different points in time should be a valuable complement to or sometimes a substitute for retrospective self-reports of satisfaction with travel that are likely to be more susceptible to systematic errors.
Tommy Gärling. Travel and Feelings. Applying Quality of Life Research 2018, 41 -56.
AMA StyleTommy Gärling. Travel and Feelings. Applying Quality of Life Research. 2018; ():41-56.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTommy Gärling. 2018. "Travel and Feelings." Applying Quality of Life Research , no. : 41-56.
Tommy Gärling; Margareta Friman. Economic and Psychological Determinants of Ownership, Use and Changes in Use of Private Cars. The Cambridge Handbook of Psychology and Economic Behaviour 2018, 567 -594.
AMA StyleTommy Gärling, Margareta Friman. Economic and Psychological Determinants of Ownership, Use and Changes in Use of Private Cars. The Cambridge Handbook of Psychology and Economic Behaviour. 2018; ():567-594.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTommy Gärling; Margareta Friman. 2018. "Economic and Psychological Determinants of Ownership, Use and Changes in Use of Private Cars." The Cambridge Handbook of Psychology and Economic Behaviour , no. : 567-594.
This study addresses the question of how work commutes change positive versus negative and active versus passive mood experienced after the commutes. Analyses are presented for 230 time-sampled morning commutes to work, made by 146 randomly sampled people in three different Swedish cities, asking them to use smartphones to report mood before, directly after, and later in the work place after the commute. The results show that self-reported positive emotional responses evoked by critical incidents are related to mood changes directly after the commute but not later in the day. It is also shown that satisfaction with the commute, measured retrospectively, is related to travel mode, travel time, as well as both positive and negative emotional responses to critical incidents.
Margareta Friman; Lars E. Olsson; Michael Ståhl; Dick Ettema; Tommy Gärling. Travel and residual emotional well-being. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 2017, 49, 159 -176.
AMA StyleMargareta Friman, Lars E. Olsson, Michael Ståhl, Dick Ettema, Tommy Gärling. Travel and residual emotional well-being. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 2017; 49 ():159-176.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMargareta Friman; Lars E. Olsson; Michael Ståhl; Dick Ettema; Tommy Gärling. 2017. "Travel and residual emotional well-being." Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 49, no. : 159-176.
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present an affect account that identifies emotions driving sell preferences in stock markets that result in the disposition effect (winning stocks hold too short and losing stocks too long) and to specify how stock prices are influenced.Design/methodology/approachThe affect account is derived based on analyses of previous research showing the disposition effect, proposed explanations of the effect, and basic emotion research. An individual-level analysis is performed of the consequences for stock market prices.FindingsThe main proposal is that investors prefer to sell when price increases make the increasing balance of hope and fear equal to a faster increasingly balance of anticipated elation and disappointment, and when price decreases make the faster increasingly negative hope-fear balance equal to the increasing negative elation-disappointment balance. Steepness in slope of the negative hope-fear balance accounts for whether a loser is never sold (an extreme disposition effect), sold later than a winning stock (the usually observed disposition effect), or sold earlier than a winning stock (a reverse disposition effect). The individual-level analysis suggests that the affect-driven disposition effect would intensify or attenuate trends in stock prices depending on the demand-supply balance.Originality/valueA conceptual contribution to research of emotion influences on stock trading and specifically to explanations of the disposition effect on sell decisions by less sophisticated and experienced investors.
Tommy Gärling; Mary Blomman; Tim Alexander Carle. Affect account of disposition effect and consequences for stock prices. Review of Behavioral Finance 2017, 9, 187 -202.
AMA StyleTommy Gärling, Mary Blomman, Tim Alexander Carle. Affect account of disposition effect and consequences for stock prices. Review of Behavioral Finance. 2017; 9 (2):187-202.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTommy Gärling; Mary Blomman; Tim Alexander Carle. 2017. "Affect account of disposition effect and consequences for stock prices." Review of Behavioral Finance 9, no. 2: 187-202.
This chapter describes the different methods for measuring subjective well-being. It also discusses how subjective well-being interacts with individual factors (personality, goal pursuit), economic factors (income, consumption), and social factors (relationships with family, friends, and romantic partners). Social national indicators are used to complement economic indicators. The rationale is that such indicators assess life circumstances that are important for citizens' well-being. The selection of indicators would optimally be based on theory. One proposed theoretical framework implies that capabilities (e.g., education, health) need to be provided for people to achieve a good life. The chapter reviews how life satisfaction and emotional well-being are reliably and validly measured by means of self-report ratings in questionnaires. In such measurements, the cognitive judgements of life satisfaction mainly reflect stable possessions of material and other resources and are therefore only modestly correlated with the less stable balance of positive and negative affect experienced in everyday life.
Tommy Gärling; Amelie Gamble. Life satisfaction and Emotional Well-Being: Psychological, Economic and Social Factors. Economic Psychology 2017, 405 -420.
AMA StyleTommy Gärling, Amelie Gamble. Life satisfaction and Emotional Well-Being: Psychological, Economic and Social Factors. Economic Psychology. 2017; ():405-420.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTommy Gärling; Amelie Gamble. 2017. "Life satisfaction and Emotional Well-Being: Psychological, Economic and Social Factors." Economic Psychology , no. : 405-420.
This study examines the effects of season and weather on mood (valence and activation) and travel satisfaction (measured by the Satisfaction with Travel Scale). Analyses are presented of 562 time-sampled morning commutes to work made by 363 randomly sampled people in three different Swedish cities asking them to use smartphones to report their mood in their home before and directly after the commutes. These reports as well as satisfaction with the commute obtained in summer and winter are linked to weather data and analyzed by means of fixed-effects regression analyses. The results reveal main effects of weather (temperature and precipitation) on mood and travel satisfaction (temperature, sunshine, precipitation and wind speed). The effects of weather on mood and travel satisfaction differ depending on travel mode. Temperature leads to a more positive mood, wind leads to higher activation for public transport users, and sunshine leads to a more negative mood for cyclists and pedestrians. Sunshine and higher temperatures make travel more relaxed although not for cycling and walking, and rain and snow lead to a higher cognitive assessed quality of travel.
Dick Ettema; Margareta Friman; Lars E. Olsson; Tommy Gärling. Season and Weather Effects on Travel-Related Mood and Travel Satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology 2017, 8, 1 .
AMA StyleDick Ettema, Margareta Friman, Lars E. Olsson, Tommy Gärling. Season and Weather Effects on Travel-Related Mood and Travel Satisfaction. Frontiers in Psychology. 2017; 8 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDick Ettema; Margareta Friman; Lars E. Olsson; Tommy Gärling. 2017. "Season and Weather Effects on Travel-Related Mood and Travel Satisfaction." Frontiers in Psychology 8, no. : 1.
Performance-related bonuses are important tools for investment organizations to incentivize stock traders. Yet, two experiments indicate that bonuses rewarding short-term performance may lead to worse timing of purchases. The authors propose that hyperbolic time discounting makes participants set lower aspired purchase prices for short-term (decreasing percentage) bonuses than for long-term (increasing percentage) bonuses. For this reason purchases are made earlier for decreasing than increasing percentage bonuses, earlier for decreasing than random prices, and earlier for high price volatility than for low price volatility. Neither purchases at the lowest price or highest bonus are attained. Hyperbolic time discounting may account for bubbles observed in experimental double-auction markets.
Tommy Gärling; Maria Andersson; Martin Hedesström; Anders Biel. An Experimental Study of Influences of Performance-Related Payments on Timing of Delegated Stock Purchases. Journal of Behavioral Finance 2017, 18, 78 -85.
AMA StyleTommy Gärling, Maria Andersson, Martin Hedesström, Anders Biel. An Experimental Study of Influences of Performance-Related Payments on Timing of Delegated Stock Purchases. Journal of Behavioral Finance. 2017; 18 (1):78-85.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTommy Gärling; Maria Andersson; Martin Hedesström; Anders Biel. 2017. "An Experimental Study of Influences of Performance-Related Payments on Timing of Delegated Stock Purchases." Journal of Behavioral Finance 18, no. 1: 78-85.
Tommy Gärling. Travel-related feelings: review, theoretical framework, and numerical experiments. Transportation Letters 2017, 11, 54 -62.
AMA StyleTommy Gärling. Travel-related feelings: review, theoretical framework, and numerical experiments. Transportation Letters. 2017; 11 (1):54-62.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTommy Gärling. 2017. "Travel-related feelings: review, theoretical framework, and numerical experiments." Transportation Letters 11, no. 1: 54-62.
Martin Hedesström; Tommy Gärling; Maria Andersson; Anders Biel. Effects of bonuses on diversification in delegated stock portfolio management. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance 2015, 7, 60 -70.
AMA StyleMartin Hedesström, Tommy Gärling, Maria Andersson, Anders Biel. Effects of bonuses on diversification in delegated stock portfolio management. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance. 2015; 7 ():60-70.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartin Hedesström; Tommy Gärling; Maria Andersson; Anders Biel. 2015. "Effects of bonuses on diversification in delegated stock portfolio management." Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance 7, no. : 60-70.
We propose that emotional well-being in everyday life is partially related to the balance of positive and negative affect associated with everyday routine activities. Factors that interfere with positive affect associated with such activities would therefore have negative impacts on emotional well-being. Supporting that time pressure is one such factor, we find in Study 1 for a representative sample of Swedish employees (n = 1507) answering a survey questionnaire that emotional well-being has a negative relationship to time pressure. In Study 2 we test the hypothesis that the negative effect of time pressure on emotional well-being is jointly mediated by impediment to goal progress and time stress. In another survey questionnaire a sample of Swedish employees (n = 240) answered retrospective questions about emotional well-being at work and off work, experienced impediment to goal progress, experienced time pressure, and stress-related symptoms. Statistical mediation analyses supported the proposed hypothesis.
Tommy Gärling; Amelie Gamble; Filip Fors; Mikael Hjerm. Emotional Well-Being Related to Time Pressure, Impediment to Goal Progress, and Stress-Related Symptoms. Journal of Happiness Studies 2015, 17, 1789 -1799.
AMA StyleTommy Gärling, Amelie Gamble, Filip Fors, Mikael Hjerm. Emotional Well-Being Related to Time Pressure, Impediment to Goal Progress, and Stress-Related Symptoms. Journal of Happiness Studies. 2015; 17 (5):1789-1799.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTommy Gärling; Amelie Gamble; Filip Fors; Mikael Hjerm. 2015. "Emotional Well-Being Related to Time Pressure, Impediment to Goal Progress, and Stress-Related Symptoms." Journal of Happiness Studies 17, no. 5: 1789-1799.
Ole Boe; Tommy Gärling. Failures to Integrate Causally Related Outcomes of Concurrent Decisions. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 2015, 190, 287 -292.
AMA StyleOle Boe, Tommy Gärling. Failures to Integrate Causally Related Outcomes of Concurrent Decisions. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2015; 190 ():287-292.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOle Boe; Tommy Gärling. 2015. "Failures to Integrate Causally Related Outcomes of Concurrent Decisions." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 190, no. : 287-292.
Ole Boe; Tommy Gärling. Effects of Causal Relatedness and Uncertainty on Integration of Outcomes of Concurrent Decisions. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 2015, 190, 113 -119.
AMA StyleOle Boe, Tommy Gärling. Effects of Causal Relatedness and Uncertainty on Integration of Outcomes of Concurrent Decisions. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2015; 190 ():113-119.
Chicago/Turabian StyleOle Boe; Tommy Gärling. 2015. "Effects of Causal Relatedness and Uncertainty on Integration of Outcomes of Concurrent Decisions." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 190, no. : 113-119.