During the last few decades, European legislation has driven progress in reducing air pollution in Europe through emission mitigation measures. In this paper, we use a chemistry transport model to assess the impact on ambient air quality of the measures considered for 2030 in the for the scenarios with existing (WEM2030) and additional measures (WAM2030). The study estimates a general improvement of air quality for the WAM2030 scenario, with no non-compliant air quality zones for NO₂, SO₂, and PM indicators. Despite an improvement for O₃, the model still estimates non-compliant areas. For this pollutant, the WAM2030 scenario leads to different impacts depending on the indicator considered. Although the model estimates a reduction in maximum hourly O₃ concentrations, small increases in O₃ concentrations in winter and nighttime in the summer lead to increases in the annual mean in some areas and increases in other indicators (SOMO35 for health impacts and AOT40 for impacts on vegetation) in some urban areas. The results suggest that the lower NO_x emissions in the WEM and WAM scenarios lead to less removal of O₃ by NO titration, especially background ozone in winter and both background and locally produced ozone in summer, in areas with high NO_x emissions.

In this paper, we present a mathematical model of the static pantograph/catenary interaction for high-speed railways, with an outline of the development of a computing algorithm which can be used to obtain the solution of the static equilibrium equation of the pantograph/catenary system which has been reached after an exhaustive study of the traditional mechanical approach based on a set of coupled strings. In order to obtain favourable behaviour in the pantograph/catenary system, it is necessary to obtain adequate conditions in the line; thus we need a precise mechanical calculus. The resulting stiffness matrix shows a high degree of sparsity. Hence, this result can be interpreted in two ways: less memory storage requirements as well as the use of suitable methods to solve the static equilibrium equation as projection methods.

The static problem on the pantograph/catenary interaction consists on obtaining an optimal design of the interaction pantograph/catenary, ensuring suitable placement of the line with the contact wire that has to be parallel to the ground, so that the pantograph can obtain the energy from the line. The loss of contact between the pantograph head and the catenary produces in the train a loss of energy and, consequently, a decrease in the speed. In this paper, we will present a High Performance (HPC) implementation that has been carried out on various algorithms to solve the equilibrium equation of the system in a catenary model. This HPC has been carried out by exploiting some special properties of the involved data structures (iterative methods with preconditioning have been used for the resolution of this system) and on the other hand by applying parallelism. The last point is really very important due to the fact that currently, multicore architecture are present on our desktop, laptop, etc [l]. But, the programmers do not develop the applications taking into account the new features of this architectures and, in fact, they do not take beneffits of number of processors in it. So, also in this paper, a shared memory implementation based on threads is presented for solving the static problem on the pantograph/catenary interaction. This implementation allows to reduce dramatically the execution time in order to be able to carry out the whole simulations in a reasonable time. All these algorithms have been integrated with a user friendly interfaz in a tool software, which is currently used in the industry.