To explore the differences in carbon emissions over the whole life-cycle of different building structures, the published calculated carbon emissions from residential buildings in China and abroad were normalized. Embodied carbon emission flows, operations stage carbon emission flows, demolition and reclamation stage carbon emission flows and total life-cycle carbon emission flows from concrete, steel, and wood structures were obtained. This study is based on the theory of the social cost of carbon, with an adequately demonstrated social cost of carbon and social discount rate. Taking into consideration both static and dynamic situations and using a social discount rate of 3.5%, the total life-cycle carbon emission flows, absolute carbon emission and building carbon costs were calculated and assessed. The results indicated that concrete structures had the highest embodied carbon emission flows and negative carbon emission flows in the waste and reclamation stage. Wood structures that started the life-cycle with stored carbon had the lowest carbon emission flows in the operations stage and relatively high negative carbon emission flows in the reclamation stage. Wood structures present the smallest carbon footprints for residential buildings.

Using air quality monitoring data of 2018, 2020 and 2021 from national monitoring stations in Hangzhou, the disaster cycles, with levels of ozone (O₃), fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), and coarse particulate matter (PM₁₀) were determined. The damage to human health from pollutants, which represents the loss of open space functionality, was determined by a review of the literature. Using the theory of resilience evaluation, a correlation was established between pollutant concentrations and system functions, and resilience performance curves of different types of open spaces were constructed for the urban open space pollutant disaster cycle to evaluate the resilience and related properties for open space responses to O₃, PM_2.5, and PM₁₀ pollution disasters. The results indicate that open spaces in scenic and cultural areas are more resilient to pollution than residential areas and commercial transportation residential mixed zones. All open spaces were the most robust to PM₁₀ and had the highest redundancy for O₃ and PM₁₀, while had the lowest redundancy for PM_2.5. All open spaces responded most rapidly to PM_2.5, partly because of larger scale meteorological changes in cities. All open spaces had the strongest resilience to PM₁₀ disasters, followed by O₃ disasters, with the worst resilience to PM_2.5 disasters, with a resilience index range of [0.5, 1]. The results and methods can help enhance urban resilience by bringing new ideas and broadening urban resilience theory and research. The strategy of enhancing greenery in urban open spaces was found to significantly reduce the impact of air pollution disasters, thereby reducing human health damage to users of open spaces. This is significant for enhancing urban resilience and building urban health infrastructure.

Taking garden heritage ontologies as the object, this paper explores monitoring and early-warning methods of heritage based on fuzzy cluster analysis. A monitoring and early-warning system for garden heritage ontologies is designed and consists of monitoring indexes, a monitoring program, monitoring data collection, application of an early-warning grading evaluation model and conclusion of early-warning grading. Taking the Suzhou classical garden heritage as an example, it can be concluded that the systematic method can integrate various qualitative and quantitative index values and collectively reflect the overall state of garden heritage ontologies as well as match a heritage monitoring ontology with an early warning grade by calculating the data similarity matrix, membership matrix, fuzzy similarity matrix, fuzzy equivalent matrix and cut matrix. Five kinds of heritage ontologies with a total of twenty-seven heritage monitoring indicators are applied in the model and then be matched with MATLAB software to obtain accurate early-warning results. When types of heritage ontology need to be expanded, the heritage is further refined, or the heritage is more comprehensive, this method is applicable. Keyword : garden heritage, monitoring and early warning, Suzhou classical garden, early-warning gradation, systematic method

A comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) has been conducted to evaluate the environmental impact of a public toilet facility situated in the Dongtou National Tourism Demonstration Zone, China. The study was carried out in accordance with the PAS 2080 standard for carbon management in infrastructure, with digital modelling implemented via Autodesk Revit and carbon accounting performed using OneClick LCA software. Additional calculations related to biogenic carbon sequestration were undertaken using Microsoft Excel, based on nationally and internationally recognized emission factors. The assessment revealed that the most significant contributors to the building’s Global Warming Potential (GWP) stemmed from two primary phases: the embodied carbon associated with construction materials and the operational energy use throughout the building's lifecycle. Particular emphasis has been placed on timber components, which demonstrated potential for short-term carbon storage, although this benefit was offset by emissions from material production and transportation. It was further observed that the building’s design, operational efficiency, and material selection substantially influenced overall environmental performance. Recommendations are provided regarding the adoption of low-carbon construction materials, the integration of renewable energy sources during the use phase, and the implementation of circular economy principles in waste management. The findings underscore the necessity of adopting an integrated LCA approach to enhance the environmental sustainability of small-scale public infrastructure in sensitive ecological zones. This study contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting carbon-conscious planning and decision-making in the development of public tourism facilities.

This study rigorously assesses the environmental impact of Zambia’s cement industry, utilizing the methodology of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the application of SimaPro software. The focus is primarily laid on the stages of raw material extraction and transportation, pivotal in the cement production process. The analysis, grounded in the use of the eco-invent database, renowned for its reliability, encompasses a comprehensive evaluation of resource depletion, energy usage, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with a particular emphasis on the latter. Findings reveal that raw material extraction and transportation collectively contribute to 80% of the environmental footprint associated with the production of 1000 tonnes of cement as a functional unit. Specifically, raw material extraction is responsible for 44%, transportation 36%, and coal consumption for limestone decomposition 19% of the total impact. The assessment critically examines environmental impact categories such as climate change, freshwater eutrophication, terrestrial acidification, fossil depletion, and human toxicity. These categories are selected due to their direct relevance to the overarching goal of the study. A noteworthy aspect of the analysis is the cement industry's dependency on hydroelectricity. The role of renewable energy sources, particularly hydroelectricity, in mitigating ecological impacts is underscored. The systematic approach of SimaPro, enhanced through the incorporation of industry-specific and region-specific data, adds a layer of reliability to the study. This research, conforming to industry standards and evaluated by experts, delves deeply into aspects such as energy consumption, GHG emissions, water utilization, and land use. To augment the robustness of the findings, a sensitivity analysis is also conducted. The study underlines that the processes of raw material extraction and transportation are key contributors to the environmental footprint of the cement industry in Zambia. Recommendations are made for ethical sourcing, exploration of alternative transportation methods, and optimization of logistics. The study acknowledges the vital interplay between corporations, governments, and academic institutions in shaping tailored sustainability policies. Proposals for the adoption of alternative fuels and the optimization of transportation logistics are put forward, highlighting that ethical raw material extraction is imperative for transitioning towards a more sustainable cement industry.