Polymers have become essential in advancing bone tissue engineering, providing adaptable bone healing and regeneration solutions. Their biocompatibility and biodegradability make them ideal candidates for creating scaffolds that mimic the body’s natural extracellular matrix (ECM). However, significant challenges remain, including degradation by-products, insufficient mechanical strength, and suboptimal cellular interactions. This article addresses these challenges by evaluating the performance of polymers like poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and polylactic acid (PLA) in scaffold development. It also explores recent innovations, such as intelligent polymers, bioprinting, and the integration of bioactive molecules to enhance scaffold efficacy. We propose that overcoming current limitations requires a combination of novel biomaterials, advanced fabrication techniques, and tailored regulatory strategies. The future potential of polymer-based scaffolds in personalised regenerative medicine is discussed, focusing on their clinical applicability.

Clays belong to a category of silica layered ingredients that are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry, either as ingredients or in combination in composites and hybrids. The specific structure of clay provides effective drug delivery systems with the ability to interact with drugs and to control release. Numerous research articles have been published in this respect and valuable results reported, mostly for oral routes. However, overview and discussion of the recent and rapidly growing research along with their theoretical principles are required for understanding and exploring the great potential of this method. To further this aim, we have provided an illustrated and comprehensive study from the point of view of a nanotechnologist, interested in investigating clay aggregate effects at the nano and meso scales for the development of nano-composites and hybrids accomplished with clay. In the first stage, a review of the molecular structure and physicochemical properties of clay are discussed and then we continue with a survey of clay and nanoclay origins, preparation methods, modification and incorporation as nano-hybrids, nano-composites, and nano and microfibers. Also their effects on drug overdose toxicity and on the mechanism of drug loading and release are discussed. Finally, this review summarizes further expansions of their progressive usage in biopharmaceutical applications with the help of integration of release methods and engineering of nanostructured clays in polymeric nanocomposites.

Over the past decade, the application of carbocatalyst systems has been preferred over that of homogeneous catalytic systems because of their advantages such as physical and thermal stability of the catalysts in successive reaction runs and reusability.