The variability of internal tides during their generation and long-range propagation in the South China Sea (SCS) is investigated by driving a high-resolution numerical model. The present study clarifies the notably different processes of generation, propagation, and dissipation between diurnal and semidiurnal internal tides. Internal tides in the SCS originate from multiple source sites, among which the Luzon Strait is dominant, and contributes approximately 90% and 74% of the baroclinic energy for M₂ and K₁, respectively. To the west of the Luzon Strait, local generation of K₁ internal tides inside the SCS is more energetic than the M₂ tides. Diurnal and semidiurnal internal tides from the Luzon Strait radiate into the SCS in a north-south asymmetry but with different patterns because of the complex two-ridge system. The tidal beams can travel across the deep basin and finally arrive at the Vietnam coast and Nansha Island more than 1000–1500 km away. During propagation, M₂ internal tides maintain a southwestward direction, whereas K₁ exhibit complicated wave fields because of the superposition of waves from local sources and island scattering effects. After significant dissipation within the Luzon Strait, the remaining energy travels into the SCS and reduces by more than 90% over a distance of ∼1000 km. Inside the SCS, the K₁ internal tides with long crests and flat beam angles are more influenced by seafloor topographical features and thus undergo apparent dissipation along the entire path, whereas the prominent dissipation of M₂ internal tides only occurs after their arrival at Zhongsha Island.

Surface wind is significant for ocean state climate, ocean mixing, and viability of wind energy techniques. However, surface wind simulated from the regional climate model generally features substantial bias from observation. For the first time, this study compares the performance of five bias correction techniques, (1) linear scaling, (2) variance scaling, (3) quantile mapping based on empirical distribution, (4) quantile mapping based on Weibull distribution, and (5) cumulative distribution functions transformation, in reducing the statistical bias of a regional climate model wind output, which was downscaled from a global climate model CNRM‐CM5 during 1991–2000. The surface wind of JRA55 reanalysis data is used as reference. Results show that all bias correction methods are consistent in reducing the climatological mean bias in spatial patterns and intensities. The linear scaling method always performs the worst among all methods in correcting higher‐order statistical biases such as skewness, kurtosis, and wind power density. The other four bias correction methods are generally similar in reducing the statistical biases of different measures based on spatial distribution maps. However, when it comes to spatial averaged mean of statistical measures over CORDEX‐East Asia in January and July, the quantile mapping based on Weibull distribution generally shows the best skills among all methods in bias reduction.

Ocean circulation strongly influences how internal tides radiate and break and stimulates the spatial inhomogeneity and temporal variation of internal tidal mixing. Qualitative and quantitative characterizations of interactions between internal tides and general circulation are critical to multi‐scale circulation dynamics. Based on significant progress in regional circulation simulation, we obtain an observation‐supported internal tide energy field around Luzon Strait by deterministically resolving the dynamics of the radiating paths of the internal tide energy. These paths are created when the known most powerful internal tide of Luzon Strait interacts with the Kuroshio Current. We found that the radiating tidal pattern, local dissipation efficiency, and energy field respond differently to the leaping, looping, and leaking Kuroshio paths within Luzon Strait. Our new insights into the dynamics and our clarifying the controlling refraction mechanism within the general circulation create the potential for internal tides to be represented better in climate models.

Long‐range radiation and interference of M₂ internal tides from multiple sources in the Philippine Sea are examined by driving a high‐resolution numerical model. The M₂ internal tides are effectively generated around the boundary area, which includes the Luzon Strait, Ryukyu Island chain, Bonin Ridge, Mariana Arc, and Izu Ridge, favoring the occurrence of complex interference patterns. The local sources (mainly Daito Islands and Palau Ridge) inside the basin contribute to a small portion (~5%) of total energy but enhance the geographical inhomogeneity of the baroclinic field. The mode‐1 and mode‐2 M₂ tidal beams from boundary sources radiate a long distance into the basin but exhibit different interference‐modulated geography variations. A 2‐D line source model characterizing interference can reproduce the general baroclinic field. Two notable interference cases are investigated: (1) the superposition of internal tides from Luzon Strait and Miyako Strait bifurcates into several southeastward beams, consistent with previous numerical simulations and altimeter measurements, and (2) the interference between Tokara Strait and Bonin Ridge exhibits a multiscale spatial pattern, which is modulated by the local generated energy and bathymetry features. Energetic dissipation occurs both near the boundary sources and in the basin. A locally dissipated fraction q of ~0.4 is estimated at the Luzon Strait and Bonin Ridge with continuous bathymetry features, while q of ~0.6 is estimated at the Ryukyu Island chain and Mariana Arc with discrete topographic variability. A lower locally dissipated fraction indicates a stronger energy flux radiating into the basin, where enhanced dissipation coincides closely with the interference‐modulated flux field.

Countries in East Asia have set ambitious goals for the development of wind energy to meet the increasing energy demand and to mitigate anthropogenic climate change. However, few studies have investigated changes in wind energy over East Asia under future climatic conditions. In this study, we investigate future changes of 100‐m wind speed and wind energy potential over the CORDEX‐East Asia region under the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario, by using ensemble simulations from the regional climate model Consortium for small‐scale modeling in CLimate Mode (CCLM). A multivariate bias adjustment method based on the N‐dimensional probability density function transform is used to correct raw simulated horizontal wind components. The comparison between future climate (2021–2050 and 2070–2099) and the present climate (1971–2000) shows decreases in wind speed, wind power density, and wind energy output over most of the CORDEX‐East Asia region, especially in the tropics. Projected increases are pronounced over the Himalayan regions, the Indo‐China Peninsula, the South China Sea, and the western Pacific Ocean in summer and over northeastern China, parts of Western China and the Indo‐China Peninsula in winter. Interannual and intra‐annual variability of wind power density are projected to intensify significantly for most of the CORDEX‐East Asia region. The occurrence of weak wind speeds (11 m/s) are projected to decrease over most of the ocean.