Artificial photosynthesis is a promising strategy for efficient hydrogen peroxide production, but the poor directional charge transfer from bulk to active sites restricts the overall photocatalytic efficiency. To address this, a new process of dipole field-driven spontaneous polarization in nitrogen-rich triazole-based carbon nitride (C₃N₅) to harness photogenerated charge kinetics for hydrogen peroxide production is constructed. Here, C₃N₅ achieves a hydrogen peroxide photosynthesis rate of 3809.5 µmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹ and a 2e⁻ transfer selectivity of 92% under simulated sunlight and ultrasonic forces. This high performance is attributed to the introduction of rich nitrogen active sites of the triazole ring in C₃N₅, which brings a dipole field. This dipole field induces a spontaneous polarization field to accelerate a rapid directional electron transfer process to nitrogen active sites and therefore induces Pauling-type adsorption of oxygen through an indirect 2e⁻ transfer pathway to form hydrogen peroxide. This innovative concept using a dipole field to harness the migration and transport of photogenerated carriers provides a new route to improve photosynthesis efficiency via structural engineering.

Multicomponent nickel–iron alloy nanoparticles supported on hydrochar were synthesized by a facile one-step hydrothermal strategy. Spinel nickel ferrite (NiFe₂O₄) with a small crystalline size around 10 nm was uniformly dispersed on a bimetallic catalyst. The roles of the Ni/Fe doping concentration and calcination temperature in tailoring the phase, morphology and size of the Ni–Fe alloy nanoparticles were investigated. To probe the catalytic abilities of the prepared bimetallic catalysts, a two-stage reaction system was applied for steam gasification of sewage sludge. Compared to monometallic nickel nanoparticles, the synthesized bimetallic catalyst, especially Ni_0.25Fe_0.25/HC calcined at 700 °C, showed excellent dispersibility of the Ni–Fe alloy NPs and exhibited a strong metal–support interaction, which allowed for better suppression of carbon deposition and nanoparticle agglomeration in the reforming process. The best catalytic performance resulted in a promoted hydrogen selectivity of 113.7 g H₂ per kg sludge with a low tar yield of 2.3 mg g⁻¹ under mild gasification conditions. These shape- and size-modulated nanocatalysts harbor promising potential for their application as a highly efficient catalyst for hydrogen production via steam gasification of sewage sludge.

The emerging contamination of pathogenic bacteria in the soil has caused a serious threat to public health and environmental security. Therefore, effective methods to inactivate pathogenic bacteria and decrease the environmental risks are urgently required. As a century-old technique, bacteriophage (phage) therapy has a high efficiency in targeting and inactivating pathogenic bacteria in different environmental systems. This review provides an update on the status of bacteriophage therapy for the inactivation of pathogenic bacteria in the soil environment. Specifically, the applications of phage therapy in soil-plant and soil-groundwater systems are summarized. In addition, the impact of phage therapy on soil functioning is described, including soil function gene transmission, soil microbial community stability, and soil nutrient cycling. Soil factors, such as soil temperature, pH, clay mineral, water content, and nutrient components, influence the survival and activity of phages in the soil. Finally, the future research prospects of phage therapy in soil environments are described.