The popularity of nail beauty has increased during the last few years in Spain, as well as in other countries. Nowadays there are a large number of nail dryer devices in the market with ultraviolet (UV) fluorescent lamps, light emitting diodes (LED) or a combination of both. The different spectral emissions of each individual nail dryer device require particular nail polishes, which are polymerized by specific wavelengths and a controlled exposure time to achieve the desired results. We have measured and analyzed the emission of 28 nail dryer devices currently in use in Spanish beauty centers. The emission of each individual nail dryer device showed a particular spectral distribution and maximum intensity, especially those with fluorescent lamps or LED/UV combinations. About 30% of the devices emitted more UV-A radiation than that received in Barcelona at solar noon in summer. Nevertheless, in all cases the erythemal irradiance was low, similarly to ambient values at solar noon in winter or when the solar altitude is low. The erythemal doses corresponding to a typical session were, therefore, lower than those received from sunlight at summer midday at equivalent exposure times. The biological irradiances for photoaging (skin sagging and elastosis) showed high variability depending on the device, especially for fluorescent lamps. Since the emission of LED-based devices is centered in the visible region, erythemal and photoaging irradiances were low. An analysis of the labelling showed that 85% of the devices had a visible label, although 23% contained some errors, according to the EN 60335-1 guideline.

El programa español de especialistas sanitarios en Farmacia Industrial y Galénica vía FIR garantiza, de acuerdo con los requisitos oficiales, que el especialista adquiere los conocimientos prácticos y competencias necesarias, con un alto grado de talento y aplicación industrial, en los diferentes campos del desarrollo, fabricación, calidad y regulación del medicamento en su aplicación industrial. Mediante el estudio, basado en una serie de encuestas de las dos últimas promociones de titulados, se han definido una serie de capacidades críticas o troncales multidisciplinares. La Unidad Docente orienta la carrera industrial de cada farmacéutico hacia la gestión de la empresa farmacéutica, las garantías sanitarias y de regulación legal, la trazabilidad de los procesos industriales y la I+D del medicamento, así como verifica su progreso durante el período de formación. La incorporación profesional de los farmacéuticos industriales demuestra una alta tasa de empleo dentro de la industria madrileña, incluso antes de terminar su período de formación en la mayoría de los casos. La formación recibida en la Escuela ha sido útil para conseguir empleo de forma rápida y con una responsabilidad relacionada con la formación recibida. Asimismo, se ha producido un aumento en la duración de las estancias en los laboratorios madrileños, lo que ha permitido a los titulados una mayor experiencia y vínculo profesional. The Spanish program of health specialists in Industrial Pharmacy and Pharmaceutics (FIR) guarantees, according to the official requirements, that specialists acquire the skills and competencies, with a high degree of talent and industrial application, in different fields of drug development, manufacturing, quality and regulation. Using the study based on a series of questionnaires applied of the last two academic years, a number of critical and multidisciplinary capabilities have been defined. The Educational Unit guides the career of each industrial pharmacist towards pharmaceutical management, health, and legal regulation, traceability of industrial processes, and R & D, and checks their progress during the training period. Employment insertion for Industrial pharmacists is shown to be successful in the Madrid area, even before finishing their training period in most cases. The education received has been useful for getting a job quickly and related to the training received. Also, there has been an increase in the length of the stays in the Madrid pharmaceutical companies, allowing graduates more experience and professional links.

Pharmaceutical industry, in addition to assuming the sanitary commitment, as has been demonstrated with the manufacturing of COVID-19 vaccines, must comply with the European Union Good Manufacturing Practices, for that reason it´s subject to a continuous updating demanded by the regulatory requirements. This commitment is even, if possible, greater for injectable drug’s manufacturing companies due to their intrinsic characteristics of safety for the patient, all this together with the maximum productivity objective. A review about the main challenges that the pharmaceutical industry must face for the manufacture of injectable products is carried out, that comprised the incorporation of new biological drugs and advanced therapies into the therapeutic arsenal, the increase in terms of the requirements in regulatory and inspection tasks by health authorities and the leading role that Contract Manufacturing Organisations are playing. On the other hand, issues such as the analytical methods used to evaluate product sterility validity, the impact of possible changes in the different processes and elements, especially in the case of aseptic manufacturing, and the evolution, with the implementation of Sterility and Quality by Design, of sterile products manufacturing science are discussed. Finally, the implementation of disruptive factors such as continuous manufacturing and robotization, which will have, with a high probability, a greater role in the not-so-distant future, is proposed. Key Words: Sterile Drugs, Inspection, Aseptic Manufacturing, Isolators, Good Manufacturing Practices, PAT, Pharmaceutical Industry La industria farmacéutica debe además de asumir el compromiso sanitario, tal y como se ha puesto de manifiesto con la fabricación de vacunas contra la COVID-19, cumplir con las Normas de Correcta Fabricación de la Unión Europea por lo que está sometida a una constante actualización a unos requisitos regulatorios cada vez más exigentes. Este compromiso es mayor, aún si cabe, para los laboratorios fabricantes de medicamentos inyectables debido a sus particularidades intrínsecas de seguridad para el paciente, todo ello unido al objetivo de máxima productividad. Se lleva a cabo una revisión de los principales retos a los que debe hacer frente la industria farmacéutica de fabricación de inyectables como son, la incorporación al arsenal terapéutico de nuevos fármacos de carácter biológico y de terapias avanzadas, el incremento en cuanto a las exigencias en tareas de regulación e inspección por parte de las autoridades sanitarias y el papel protagonista que están alcanzando las empresas de fabricación a terceros. Por otra parte, se discuten cuestiones como la validez de los métodos analíticos utilizados para evaluar la esterilidad de los productos, el impacto de posibles cambios en los distintos procesos y elementos, sobre todo en el caso del llenado aséptico, y la evolución de la ciencia de la fabricación de productos estériles con la implementación de la esterilidad y calidad por diseño. En último lugar, se plantea la incorporación de unos factores disruptivos como son, la fabricación en continuo y la robotización que, con una elevada probabilidad, tendrán un mayor protagonismo en un futuro no tan lejano. Palabras Clave: Medicamentos estériles, Inspección, Fabricación aséptica, Aisladores, Normas de Correcta Fabricación, PAT, Industria Farmacéutica