How the routine laboratory tests change in terms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was retrospectively analyzed in a large group of patients. Biochemical, hematological and inflammatory variables of a totaly 555 (n = 532 in non-intensive care unit (non-ICU), n = 23 in ICU) patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were analyzed accessing them through the laboratory information system. White blood cell (WBC), neutrophil (NEU), platelet large cell ratio, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), derived NLR (d-NLR), aspartate aminotransferase, urea, creatine kinase (CK) myocardial band (CK-MB), procalcitonin (PCT) values were high whereas lymphocyte (LYM), eosinophil, red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin, lymphocyte to monocyte ratio, estimated glomerular filtration rate values were low in the ICU group when compared with non-ICU. WBC, NEU, red cell distribution width, alanine transaminase, creatinine, urea, CK-MB, CK, direct bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ferritin, D-dimer, PCT and international normalized ratio values increased while RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume and total bilirubin values decreased in a significant proportion of patients in both groups based on the normal reference ranges. LYM count was found to be low in a significant number of patients (57.5%) especially in the ICU group and as an important risk factor and diagnostic parameter on admission to ICU (OR: 125, AUC: 0.74). Routine laboratory tests provide important information in terms of both diagnosis and severity of COVID-19. Lymphopenia is a condition that should be monitored which indicates the severity of the disease.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) triggers important changes in routine blood tests. In this retrospective case-control study, biochemical, hematological and inflammatory biomarkers between March 10, 2020, and November 30, 2020 from 3969 COVID-19 patients (3746 in the non-intensive care unit (non-ICU) group and 223 in the ICU group) were analyzed by dividing into three groups as spring, summer and autumn. In the non-ICU group, lymphocyte to monocyte ratio was lower in autumn than the other two seasons and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was higher in autumn than the other two seasons. Also, monocyte and platelet were higher in spring than autumn; and eosinophil, hematocrit, hemoglobin, lymphocyte, and red blood cells decreased from spring to autumn. In the non-ICU group, alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase gradually increased from spring to autumn, while albumin, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, total bilirubin and total protein gradually decreased. Additionally, C-reactive protein was higher in autumn than the other seasons, erythrocyte sedimentation rate was higher in autumn than summer. The changes in routine blood biomarkers in COVID-19 varied from the emergence of the disease until now. Also, the timely changes of blood biomarkers were mostly more negative, indicating that the disease progresses severely. The study was approved by the Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Non-interventional Clinical Trials Ethic Committee (approval No. 86041) on June 21, 2021.

Objective: Gestational diabetes mellitus is a common disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, with onset or first recognition during pregnancy, resulting in hyperglycemia of variable severity. Insulin resistance and chronic subclinical inflammation are the underlying mechanisms of the disease. Soluble interleukin-2 receptor, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio are the markers of inflammatory disease processes such as type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, hepatitis, and neoplasms.Study Design: In our study, we measured complete blood count, serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor, serum glucose in blood samples from 52 women with gestational diabetes mellitus and 50 pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance. Pregnant women which were tested for oral glucose tolerance test (75 gr load) between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy were selected for the study. Gestational diabetes mellitus was defined according to the criteria provided by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.Results: In terms of age, gestational diabetes mellitus patients (mean±SD; 31±6 years) were older than controls (mean±SD; 25±5.3 years). Mean platelet volume values were lower in gestational diabetes mellitus patients (mean±SD; 10.3±1.4 fL) as compared to normal glucose tolerance group (mean±SD; 10.8±1fL). No statistically significant differences in serum glucose concentration, white blood cell count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, platelet count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio value, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio value, and serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor concentration were found.Conclusion: This study did not reveal an increase in the inflammatory markers, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor, in gestational diabetes mellitus. The mean platelet volume values were observed to be lower in gestational diabetes mellitus patients.

This study evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of heparin and methylprednisolone in the treatment of ischaemic reperfusion (IR) injury of the testis. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated equally into three groups of eight animals each. The left testes were rotated 720° for 2 h in the rats in the torsion-detorsion group. Rats in the treatment groups underwent the same surgical procedure as the torsion-detorsion group but were also given methylprednisolone (group II) or heparin (group III) by an intraperitoneal route 30 min prior to detorsion. Left orchiectomy was performed in all rats from each experimental animal at 2 h after detorsion, and the tissue was harvested for the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC) and nitric oxide (NO) and the endogenous antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase. Additional tissue was evaluated using histopathological and immunohistochemical changes. PC and MDA levels were significantly reduced in the treated groups compared to the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in NO level or SOD, GSH-Px and catalase activity among the treatment groups. Histopathological and immunohistochemical findings supported biochemical changes. It is concluded that pre-treatment with methylprednisolone or heparin protects the testis in ischaemic reperfusion injury caused by testicular torsion-detorsion.

Summary: Background: Due to the lack of diagnostic efficiency of serum creatinine in acute kidney injury (AKI), there is a pressing need to develop novel diagnostic markers. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and cystatin C in terms of their applicability in the diagnosis of AKI. Methods: We enrolled a total of 39 AKI patients and 38 healthy controls in the study. We compared the levels of serum MIOX, NGAL and cystatin C between the two groups. Results: We found that the concentrations of serum creatinine, blood-urea nitrogen, MIOX and cystatin C were higher in the AKI group. According to the receiver operating characteristic analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) values were 0.694 (95% CI 0.579-0.794) for MIOX and 0.976 (95% CI; 0.912-0.997) for cystatin C. For MIOX, when the cut-off concentration was set to 77.3 pg/mL, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were found to be 53.8% (95% CI; 37.2-69.9) and 81.5 (95% CI; 65.7-92.3), respectively. For cystatin C, at the cut-off value of 14 mg/L, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 94.8% (95% CI; 82.7-99.4) and 94.7 % (95% CI 82.3-99.4), respectively. Conclusion: The measurement of serum MIOX and cystatin C levels is valuable for the diagnosis of AKI. Further research is needed for the evaluation of the potential use of MIOX as a kidney-specific enzyme in the early diagnosis of AKI.