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Christina Kakderi is an Assistant Professor of Spatial Development and RTDI Policies in the EU at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH), School of Spatial Planning and Development. She is also actively engaged in research for the past thirteen years. As a member of Urban and Regional Innovation Research – URENIO and, previously, of Spatial Development Research Unit, she has been involved in EU and national funded projects related to spatial development and innovation ecosystems. Her research interests focus on systems of innovation and smart innovation environments (national and regional innovation systems, technology policy, innovation networks, intelligent cities/districts).
The COVID-19 pandemic has put lifestyles in question, changed daily routines, and limited citizen freedoms that seemed inalienable before. A human activity that has been greatly affected since the beginning of the health crisis is mobility. Focusing on mobility, we aim to discuss the transformational impact that the pandemic brought to this specific urban domain, especially with regards to the promotion of sustainability, the smart growth agenda, and the acceleration towards the smart city paradigm. We collect 60 initial policy responses related to urban mobility from cities around the world and analyze them based on the challenge they aim to address, the exact principles of smart growth and sustainable mobility that they encapsulate, as well as the level of ICT penetration. Our findings suggest that emerging strategies, although mainly temporary, are transformational, in line with the principles of smart growth and sustainable development. Most policy responses adopted during the first months of the pandemic, however, fail to leverage advancements made in the field of smart cities, and to adopt off-the-shelf solutions such as monitoring, alerting, and operations management.
Christina Kakderi; Eleni Oikonomaki; Ilektra Papadaki. Smart and Resilient Urban Futures for Sustainability in the Post COVID-19 Era: A Review of Policy Responses on Urban Mobility. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6486 .
AMA StyleChristina Kakderi, Eleni Oikonomaki, Ilektra Papadaki. Smart and Resilient Urban Futures for Sustainability in the Post COVID-19 Era: A Review of Policy Responses on Urban Mobility. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6486.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristina Kakderi; Eleni Oikonomaki; Ilektra Papadaki. 2021. "Smart and Resilient Urban Futures for Sustainability in the Post COVID-19 Era: A Review of Policy Responses on Urban Mobility." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6486.
Fundamental principles of modern cities and urban planning are challenged during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as the advantages of large city size, high density, mass transport, free use of public space, unrestricted individual mobility in cities. These principles shaped the development of cities and metropolitan areas for more than a century, but currently, there are signs that they have turned from advantage to liability. Cities Public authorities and private organisations responded to the COVID-19 crisis with a variety of policies and business practices. These countermeasures codify a valuable experience and can offer lessons about how cities can tackle another grand challenge, this of climate change. Do the measures taken during the COVID-19 crisis represent a temporal adjustment to the current health crisis? Or do they open new ways towards a new type of urban development more effective in times of environmental and health crises? We address these questions through literature review and three case studies that review policies and practices for the transformation of city ecosystems mostly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: (a) the central business district, (b) the transport ecosystem, and (c) the tourism–hospitality ecosystem. We assess whether the measures implemented in these ecosystems shape new policy and planning models for higher readiness of cities towards grand challenges, and how, based on this experience, cities should be organized to tackle the grand challenge of environmental sustainability and climate change.
Christina Kakderi; Nicos Komninos; Anastasia Panori; Eleni Oikonomaki. Next City: Learning from Cities during COVID-19 to Tackle Climate Change. Sustainability 2021, 13, 3158 .
AMA StyleChristina Kakderi, Nicos Komninos, Anastasia Panori, Eleni Oikonomaki. Next City: Learning from Cities during COVID-19 to Tackle Climate Change. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (6):3158.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristina Kakderi; Nicos Komninos; Anastasia Panori; Eleni Oikonomaki. 2021. "Next City: Learning from Cities during COVID-19 to Tackle Climate Change." Sustainability 13, no. 6: 3158.
Smart cities constitute a new urban paradigm and a hegemonic phenomenon in contemporary city development. The concept envisages a data-enhanced future and efficiency gains made possible by automation and innovation in city activities and utilities. However, the way smart cities are created brings about two weaknesses. First, there is strong compartmentation of solutions and systems, which are developing in vertical markets for energy, transport, governance, safety, etc., silos with little interoperability and sharing of resources. Second, there is a low impact, some increase in efficiency, some reduction in costs, time gained, some decrease in CO2 emissions. There is an important knowledge gap about developing cross-sector, high-impact smart city systems. This paper deals with these challenges and investigates a different direction in smart city design and efficiency. We focus on ‘Connected Intelligence Spaces’ created in smart city ecosystems, which (a) have physical, social, and digital dimensions; (b) work as systems of innovation enabling synergies between human, machine, and collective intelligence; and (c) improve efficiency and performance by innovating rather than optimizing city routines. The research hypothesis we assess is about a universal architecture of high impact smart city projects, due to underlying connected intelligence spaces and cyber-physical-social systems of innovation. We assess this hypothesis with empirical evidence from case studies related to smart city projects dealing with safety (Vision-Zero), transportation (MaaS), and energy (positive energy districts). We highlight the main elements of operation and how high efficiency is achieved across these verticals. We identify commonalities, common innovation functions, and associations between functions, allowing us to define a common architecture enabling innovation and high performance across smart city ecosystems.
Nicos Komninos; Christina Kakderi; Luca Mora; Anastasia Panori; Elena Sefertzi. Towards High Impact Smart Cities: a Universal Architecture Based on Connected Intelligence Spaces. Journal of the Knowledge Economy 2021, 1 -29.
AMA StyleNicos Komninos, Christina Kakderi, Luca Mora, Anastasia Panori, Elena Sefertzi. Towards High Impact Smart Cities: a Universal Architecture Based on Connected Intelligence Spaces. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. 2021; ():1-29.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicos Komninos; Christina Kakderi; Luca Mora; Anastasia Panori; Elena Sefertzi. 2021. "Towards High Impact Smart Cities: a Universal Architecture Based on Connected Intelligence Spaces." Journal of the Knowledge Economy , no. : 1-29.
The paper focuses on the design of urban digital transformation strategies. It builds upon the lessons learned from the Digital Cities Challenge initiative, developed by the European Commission, designed to empower European cities to design and implement digital transformation strategies for the uptake of advanced digital services and the smart growth of city ecosystems. We study three cities that participated in the Digital Cities Challenge—Sofia, Granada, and Kavala—and provide an overview of the strategy designs they adopted. The results indicate that beside significant differences in context, sectors, and ecosystems targeted at those cities, common features shape the design of their digital transformation strategies based on digital platforms, such as opening markets for e-services, enhancement of local infrastructures, improving digital skills, and innovation funding mechanisms. We argue that creating digital platforms for ecosystem building is an essential strategy of digital transformation as it can produce network effects and externalities in digital space, similar to those deriving from spatial proximity in physical space. As a result, both spatial and digital network effects lead the development of externalities that play a key role in the formation, expansion, and sustainability of ecosystems.
Nicos Komninos; Christina Kakderi; Antonio Collado; Ilektra Papadaki; Anastasia Panori. Digital Transformation of City Ecosystems: Platforms Shaping Engagement and Externalities across Vertical Markets. Journal of Urban Technology 2020, 28, 93 -114.
AMA StyleNicos Komninos, Christina Kakderi, Antonio Collado, Ilektra Papadaki, Anastasia Panori. Digital Transformation of City Ecosystems: Platforms Shaping Engagement and Externalities across Vertical Markets. Journal of Urban Technology. 2020; 28 (1-2):93-114.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicos Komninos; Christina Kakderi; Antonio Collado; Ilektra Papadaki; Anastasia Panori. 2020. "Digital Transformation of City Ecosystems: Platforms Shaping Engagement and Externalities across Vertical Markets." Journal of Urban Technology 28, no. 1-2: 93-114.
The paper negotiates two main questions of the methodology of EDP in Smart Specialisation. First is the granularity level of detail in the analysis and the assessment of dynamism of economic activities. We argue that NACE three-digit codes offer the best combination of homogeneity of statistics and sectoral studies. Still, all NACE three-digit codes are not cadets for discovering business opportunities and new innovation activities and therefore, further research for the selection of priority fields is necessary. Second question is about the collective nature of interventions and investments developed through EDP. We argue that business ecosystems that unite large number of enterprises may exceed the risk of priority investments for specific businesses and groups. The demarcation of investments in relation to platform-based ecosystems as well as of ecosystems which are developed on top of value chains is of particular importance. Both methodological principles which are proposed in the paper (selection of three-digit NACE code ecosystems and platforms based on functions/needs of such ecosystems) can complement the theoretical weaknesses that reasonably exist in terms of discovery and innovation.
Christina Kakderi; Nicos Komninos; Anastasia Panori; Artemis Psaltoglou. Smart Specialisation 2.0: Driving Public Funds Towards Platforms and Ecosystems. Blockchain Technology and Innovations in Business Processes 2020, 68 -79.
AMA StyleChristina Kakderi, Nicos Komninos, Anastasia Panori, Artemis Psaltoglou. Smart Specialisation 2.0: Driving Public Funds Towards Platforms and Ecosystems. Blockchain Technology and Innovations in Business Processes. 2020; ():68-79.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristina Kakderi; Nicos Komninos; Anastasia Panori; Artemis Psaltoglou. 2020. "Smart Specialisation 2.0: Driving Public Funds Towards Platforms and Ecosystems." Blockchain Technology and Innovations in Business Processes , no. : 68-79.
Nicos Komninos; Christina Kakderi. Smart Cities in the Post-algorithmic Era. Smart Cities in the Post-algorithmic Era 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleNicos Komninos, Christina Kakderi. Smart Cities in the Post-algorithmic Era. Smart Cities in the Post-algorithmic Era. 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicos Komninos; Christina Kakderi. 2019. "Smart Cities in the Post-algorithmic Era." Smart Cities in the Post-algorithmic Era , no. : 1.
The emergence of the cloud computing paradigm has found fertile ground in the smart cities discipline, especially with regards to its benefits both in terms of big data storage and analytic capabilities and in terms of smart city service provision. Over the past years we have noticed an abundance of publications on cloud computing; from government reports to corporate studies, all show the significant benefits of cloud computing and the opportunities presented by the migration of public/municipal services to the cloud. Despite the availability of information, the landscape with regard to cloud computing adoption is still quite blurry. This chapter aims to provide methodological guidance to public/city authorities on the use of and the actual steps towards taking up the cloud computing paradigm. More specifically, it offers a simple methodology in the form of a roadmap with the main roadblocks one can expect to encounter when migrating public services to the cloud, along with a set of recommendations that facilitate decision-making in various stages of this process. We also argue that cloud computing adoption should not be an isolated action of an organization (city authority/governmental agency), but part of a wider strategic model based on open innovation practices (the use of open source technologies for the cloud platform and applications, the use of open data, the adoption of user engagement methodologies etc.) as well as the use of innovative business models.
Christina Kakderi; Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos; Nicos Komninos; Anastasia Panori. Smart Cities on the Cloud. Progress in IS 2018, 57 -80.
AMA StyleChristina Kakderi, Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos, Nicos Komninos, Anastasia Panori. Smart Cities on the Cloud. Progress in IS. 2018; ():57-80.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristina Kakderi; Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos; Nicos Komninos; Anastasia Panori. 2018. "Smart Cities on the Cloud." Progress in IS , no. : 57-80.
The economic crisis of 2008_09 had an unprecedented impact on the Greek economy leading to profound transformation both at the political and economic level. This chapter explores the impact on the region of West Macedonia which, among the Greek regions, was one of the most severely affected by the recent crisis. The chapter demonstrated that the region lacked resilience owing to its inherited structural frailties and its over-dependence on a narrow set of industries and public sector employment and pay. Whilst the European Structural Funds provided some security in terms of funding as well as some much-needed adaptability in policy tools and instruments, the highly centralised nature of government and planning structures made for limited flexibility and responsiveness at the regional scale.
Christina Kakderi; Anastasia Tasopoulou. Regional economic resilience and the role of traditionalstructures: the case of West Macedonia, Greece. Economic Crisis and the Resilience of Regions 2018, 108 -126.
AMA StyleChristina Kakderi, Anastasia Tasopoulou. Regional economic resilience and the role of traditionalstructures: the case of West Macedonia, Greece. Economic Crisis and the Resilience of Regions. 2018; ():108-126.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristina Kakderi; Anastasia Tasopoulou. 2018. "Regional economic resilience and the role of traditionalstructures: the case of West Macedonia, Greece." Economic Crisis and the Resilience of Regions , no. : 108-126.
Regions in the European Union (EU) are called to design and implement Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialisation (RIS3), as a prerequisite to receive funding for research and innovation from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). To facilitate and streamline this process, the European Commission (EC) has published a Guide to RIS3 and a handbook for implementing Smart Specialisation, providing a set of methodological steps on how to design a RIS3 strategy. Although these publications provide valuable resources to facilitate RIS3 design and implementation, their inputs are focused mostly on the methodological framework, without pointing out any operational directions that could support an undertaking of the proposed methodological tasks in a streamlined and user-friendly way. The Online-S3 project, funded under the Horizon 2020, tries to address this challenge, by developing an online platform for policy advice. This study explores the information links amongst a set of methodologies, across the six phases of RIS3 design process, highlighting underlying relationships in a logical manner, based on the information flows that are detected. The results reveal parts of the overall mechanism for RIS3 policy making processes, providing guidance to regional authorities and encouraging them to use additional methods throughout their RIS3 strategy-design process, that could be managed and delivered through online platforms and applications. This prepares the grounds for future, empirical investigations of this currently under-researched topic, which appears to be crucial for policy-makers.
Anastasia Panori; Nicos Komninos; Christina Kakderi; Katharina Fellnhofer. Smart Specialisation Strategies: An Online Platform for Strategy Design and Assessment. Inventive Computation and Information Technologies 2018, 3 -16.
AMA StyleAnastasia Panori, Nicos Komninos, Christina Kakderi, Katharina Fellnhofer. Smart Specialisation Strategies: An Online Platform for Strategy Design and Assessment. Inventive Computation and Information Technologies. 2018; ():3-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnastasia Panori; Nicos Komninos; Christina Kakderi; Katharina Fellnhofer. 2018. "Smart Specialisation Strategies: An Online Platform for Strategy Design and Assessment." Inventive Computation and Information Technologies , no. : 3-16.
In the theory of urban development, the evolutionary perspective is becoming dominant. Cities are understood as complex systems shaped by bottom-up processes with outcomes that are hard to foresee and plan for. This perspective is strengthened by the current turn towards smart cities and the intensive use of digital technologies to optimize urban ecosystems. This paper extends the evolutionary thinking and emerging dynamics of cities to smart city planning. It is based on recent efforts for a smart city strategy in Thessaloniki that enhances the economic, environmental, and social sustainability of the city. Taking advantage of opportunities offered by the IBM Smarter Cities Challenge, the Rockefeller 100 Resilient Cities, the World Bank, and the EU Horizon 2020 Program, Thessaloniki shaped a strategy for an inclusive economy, resilient infrastructure, participatory governance, and open data. This process, however, does not have the usual features of planning. It reveals the complex dimension of smart city planning as a synthesis of technologies, user engagement, and windows of opportunity, which are fuzzy at the start of the planning process. The evolutionary features of cities, which until now were ascribed to the working of markets, are now shaping the institutional aspects of planning for smart cities.
N. Komninos; C. Kakderi; A. Panori; P. Tsarchopoulos. Smart City Planning from an Evolutionary Perspective. Journal of Urban Technology 2017, 26, 3 -20.
AMA StyleN. Komninos, C. Kakderi, A. Panori, P. Tsarchopoulos. Smart City Planning from an Evolutionary Perspective. Journal of Urban Technology. 2017; 26 (2):3-20.
Chicago/Turabian StyleN. Komninos; C. Kakderi; A. Panori; P. Tsarchopoulos. 2017. "Smart City Planning from an Evolutionary Perspective." Journal of Urban Technology 26, no. 2: 3-20.
Purpose This paper investigates the potential contribution of smart city approaches and tools to sustainable urban development in the environment domain. Recent research has highlighted the need to explore the relation of smart and sustainable cities more systematically, focusing on practical applications that could enable a deeper understanding of the included domains, typologies and design concepts, and this paper aims to address this research gap. At the same time, it tries to identify whether these applications could contribute to the “zero vision” strategy, an extremely ambitious challenge within the field of smart cities. Design/methodology/approach This objective is pursued through an in-depth investigation of available open source and proprietary smart city applications related to environmental sustainability in urban environments. A total of 32 applications were detected through the Intelligent/Smart Cities Open Source (ICOS) community, a meta-repository for smart cities solutions. The applications are analyzed comparatively regarding (i) the environmental issue addressed, (ii) the associated mitigation strategies, (iii) the included innovation mechanism, (iv) the role of information and communication technologies and (v) the overall outcome. Findings The findings suggest that the smart and sustainable city landscape is extremely fragmented both on the policy and the technical levels. There is a host of unexplored opportunities toward smart sustainable development, many of which are still unknown. Similar findings are reached for all categories of environmental challenges in cities. Research limitations pertain to the analysis of a relatively small number of applications. The results can be used to inform policy making toward becoming more proactive and impactful both locally and globally. Given that smart city application market niches are also identified, they are also of special interest to developers, user communities and digital entrepreneurs. Originality/value The value added by this paper is two-fold. At the theoretical level, it offers a neat conceptual bridge between smart and sustainable cities debate. At the practical level, it identifies under-researched and under-exploited fields of smart city applications that could be opportunities to attain the “zero vision” objective.
Margarita Angelidou; Artemis Psaltoglou; Nicos Komninos; Christina Kakderi; Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos; Anastasia Panori. Enhancing sustainable urban development through smart city applications. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management 2017, 9, 146 -169.
AMA StyleMargarita Angelidou, Artemis Psaltoglou, Nicos Komninos, Christina Kakderi, Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos, Anastasia Panori. Enhancing sustainable urban development through smart city applications. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management. 2017; 9 (2):146-169.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMargarita Angelidou; Artemis Psaltoglou; Nicos Komninos; Christina Kakderi; Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos; Anastasia Panori. 2017. "Enhancing sustainable urban development through smart city applications." Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management 9, no. 2: 146-169.
This study tries to analyze and discuss the design process of a smart city application ontology for measuring multidimensional poverty at an urban scale. Starting from the links between smart city concept and human-centered development and moving on to the definition of multidimensional poverty, the literature indicates that there is a need for an orchestrated design of smart city applications for alleviating poverty in its wider sense, based on strong theoretical foundations. The study indicates that a volunteered geographic information (VGI) concept, alongside with a 3-level data structure, should be treated as integral parts of the proposed application structure that uses the human-centered theoretical approach as a baseline to alleviate poverty. The 3-level data structure encompasses a wide range of indicators, referring not only to demographic and spatiotemporal variables, but also covers all essential information for measuring multidimensional poverty index (MPI). Finally, the collected data from this application could be further exploited by local governments and policy makers, as valuable inputs for strategic planning of place-based policies. This study serves as an example of how a smart city application could be used as a tool to effectively improve human-centered policy implications on an urban scale.
Anastasia Panori; Christina Kakderi; Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos. Designing the Ontology of a Smart City Application for Measuring Multidimensional Urban Poverty. Journal of the Knowledge Economy 2017, 10, 921 -940.
AMA StyleAnastasia Panori, Christina Kakderi, Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos. Designing the Ontology of a Smart City Application for Measuring Multidimensional Urban Poverty. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. 2017; 10 (3):921-940.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnastasia Panori; Christina Kakderi; Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos. 2017. "Designing the Ontology of a Smart City Application for Measuring Multidimensional Urban Poverty." Journal of the Knowledge Economy 10, no. 3: 921-940.
Christina Kakderi; Anastasia Tasopoulou. Regional economic resilience: the role of national and regional policies. European Planning Studies 2017, 25, 1435 -1453.
AMA StyleChristina Kakderi, Anastasia Tasopoulou. Regional economic resilience: the role of national and regional policies. European Planning Studies. 2017; 25 (8):1435-1453.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristina Kakderi; Anastasia Tasopoulou. 2017. "Regional economic resilience: the role of national and regional policies." European Planning Studies 25, no. 8: 1435-1453.
Since the emergence of cloud computing paradigm, there has been an increasing interest on the adoption of cloud computing from municipalities and city governments towards their effort to address complex urban problems. This paper explores the significant role that cloud computing can play in helping cities on their way to become smart. We focus on the STORM CLOUDS paradigm as a solution for municipalities everywhere in order to (i) deploy a portfolio of smart cities applications related to governance, economy and quality of life on a single cloud-based platform and (ii) use the platform and its accompanied tools to migrate their existing applications to the cloud environment. Besides the conclusions from the STORM experience, the paper closes with a number of research trends and future challenges that are expected to define the adoption of cloud computing from municipalities and city governments in the following years
Christina Kakderi; Nicos Komninos; Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos. Smart cities and cloud computing: lessons from the STORM CLOUDS experiment. Journal of Smart Cities 2016, 2, 1 .
AMA StyleChristina Kakderi, Nicos Komninos, Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos. Smart cities and cloud computing: lessons from the STORM CLOUDS experiment. Journal of Smart Cities. 2016; 2 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristina Kakderi; Nicos Komninos; Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos. 2016. "Smart cities and cloud computing: lessons from the STORM CLOUDS experiment." Journal of Smart Cities 2, no. 1: 1.
The special issue “Smart Cities and Cloud Compu-ting” of the Journal of Smart Cities focuses on smart city solutions that are deployed over various types of cloud environment and discuss challenges and solu-tions related to the use of cloud computing, and main-ly the migration of smart city services to the Cloud.
Christina Kakderi; Nicos Komninos; Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos. Smart cities and cloud computing: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Smart Cities 2016, 2, 1 .
AMA StyleChristina Kakderi, Nicos Komninos, Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos. Smart cities and cloud computing: Introduction to the special issue. Journal of Smart Cities. 2016; 2 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristina Kakderi; Nicos Komninos; Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos. 2016. "Smart cities and cloud computing: Introduction to the special issue." Journal of Smart Cities 2, no. 1: 1.
This paper addresses the problem of low impact of smart city applications observed in the fields of energy and transport, which constitute high-priority domains for the development of smart cities. However, these are not the only fields where the impact of smart cities has been limited. The paper provides an explanation for the low impact of various individual applications of smart cities and discusses ways of improving their effectiveness. We argue that the impact of applications depends primarily on their ontology, and secondarily on smart technology and programming features. Consequently, we start by creating an overall ontology for the smart city, defining the building blocks of this ontology with respect to the most cited definitions of smart cities, and structuring this ontology with the Protégé 5.0 editor, defining entities, class hierarchy, object properties, and data type properties. We then analyze how the ontologies of a sample of smart city applications fit into the overall Smart City Ontology, the consistency between digital spaces, knowledge processes, city domains targeted by the applications, and the types of innovation that determine their impact. In conclusion, we underline the relationships between innovation and ontology, and discuss how we can improve the effectiveness of smart city applications, combining expert and user-driven ontology design with the integration and or-chestration of applications over platforms and larger city entities such as neighborhoods, districts, clusters, and sectors of city activities.
Nicos Komninos; Charalampos Bratsas; Christina Kakderi; Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos. Smart City Ontologies: Improving the effectiveness of smart city applications. Journal of Smart Cities 2016, 1, 1 .
AMA StyleNicos Komninos, Charalampos Bratsas, Christina Kakderi, Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos. Smart City Ontologies: Improving the effectiveness of smart city applications. Journal of Smart Cities. 2016; 1 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicos Komninos; Charalampos Bratsas; Christina Kakderi; Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos. 2016. "Smart City Ontologies: Improving the effectiveness of smart city applications." Journal of Smart Cities 1, no. 1: 1.
Nicos Komninos; Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos; Christina Kakderi. New services design for smart cities. Proceedings of the 2014 ACM international workshop on Wireless and mobile technologies for smart cities - WiMobCity '14 2014, 29 -38.
AMA StyleNicos Komninos, Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos, Christina Kakderi. New services design for smart cities. Proceedings of the 2014 ACM international workshop on Wireless and mobile technologies for smart cities - WiMobCity '14. 2014; ():29-38.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicos Komninos; Panagiotis Tsarchopoulos; Christina Kakderi. 2014. "New services design for smart cities." Proceedings of the 2014 ACM international workshop on Wireless and mobile technologies for smart cities - WiMobCity '14 , no. : 29-38.