Better understanding of medical students’ perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge about antimicrobial prescribing practices could facilitate more effective education of these future prescribers. A 24-item electronic survey on antimicrobial prescribing and education was administered to fourth-year medical students at the University of Miami, the Johns Hopkins University, and the University of Washington (January–March 2012). Three hundred seventeen of 519 (61%) students completed the survey; 92% of respondents agreed that strong knowledge of antimicrobials is important in their careers, and 90% said that they would like more education on appropriate use of antimicrobials. Mean correct knowledge score (11 items) was 51%, with statistically significant differences between study sites and sources of information used to learn about antimicrobials. Only 15% had completed a clinical infectious diseases rotation during medical school; those who had done so rated the quality of their antimicrobial education significantly higher compared to those who had not (mean, 3.93 vs 3.44, on a 5-point scale; P = .0003). There were no statistically significant associations between knowledge scores and having had an infectious diseases clinical elective. Only one-third of respondents perceived their preparedness to be adequate in some fundamental principles of antimicrobial use. Differences exist between medical schools in educational resources used, perceived preparedness, and knowledge about antimicrobial use. Variability in formative education could frame behaviors and prescribing practices in future patient care. To help address the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance, efforts should be undertaken to ensure that our future doctors are well educated in the principles and practices of appropriate use of antibiotics and antimicrobial stewardship.

Urinary tract infections are the most common bacterial infections encountered in ambulatory and long-term care settings in the United States. Urine samples are the largest single category of specimens received by most microbiology laboratories and many such cultures are collected from patients who have no or questionable urinary symptoms. Unfortunately, antimicrobials are often prescribed inappropriately in such patients. Antimicrobial use, whether appropriate or inappropriate, is associated with the selection for antimicrobial-resistant organisms colonizing or infecting the urinary tract. Infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant organisms are associated with higher rates of treatment failures, prolonged hospitalizations, increased costs and mortality. Antimicrobial stewardship consists of avoidance of antimicrobials when appropriate and, when antimicrobials are indicated, use of strategies to optimize the selection, dosing, route of administration, duration and timing of antimicrobial therapy to maximize clinical cure while limiting the unintended consequences of antimicrobial use, including toxicity and selection of resistant microorganisms. This article reviews successful antimicrobial stewardship strategies in the diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections.

We surveyed faculty and residents to assess attitudes, perceptions, and knowledge about antimicrobial use and resistance. Most respondents were concerned about resistance when prescribing antibiotics and agreed that antibiotics are overused, that inappropriate use is professionally unethical, and that others, but not themselves, overprescribe antibiotics. Antimicrobial stewardship programs should capitalize on these perceptions.

Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASPs) have been promoted to optimize antimicrobial usage and patient outcomes, and to reduce the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant organisms. However, the best strategies for an ASP are not definitively established and are likely to vary based on local culture, policy, and routine clinical practice, and probably limited resources in middle-income countries. The aim of this study is to evaluate structures and resources of antimicrobial stewardship teams (ASTs) in surgical departments from different regions of the world. A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted in 2016 on 173 physicians who participated in the AGORA (Antimicrobials: A Global Alliance for Optimizing their Rational Use in Intra-Abdominal Infections) project and on 658 international experts in the fields of ASPs, infection control, and infections in surgery. The response rate was 19.4%. One hundred fifty-six (98.7%) participants stated their hospital had a multidisciplinary AST. The median number of physicians working inside the team was five [interquartile range 4–6]. An infectious disease specialist, a microbiologist and an infection control specialist were, respectively, present in 80.1, 76.3, and 67.9% of the ASTs. A surgeon was a component in 59.0% of cases and was significantly more likely to be present in university hospitals (89.5%, p < 0.05) compared to community teaching (83.3%) and community hospitals (66.7%). Protocols for pre-operative prophylaxis and for antimicrobial treatment of surgical infections were respectively implemented in 96.2 and 82.3% of the hospitals. The majority of the surgical departments implemented both persuasive and restrictive interventions (72.8%). The most common types of interventions in surgical departments were dissemination of educational materials (62.5%), expert approval (61.0%), audit and feedback (55.1%), educational outreach (53.7%), and compulsory order forms (51.5%). The survey showed a heterogeneous organization of ASPs worldwide, demonstrating the necessity of a multidisciplinary and collaborative approach in the battle against antimicrobial resistance in surgical infections, and the importance of educational efforts towards this goal.