In the literature, no studies describe the use of laparoscopic techniques for inguinal hernia repair in canine clinical patients. The surgical technique—Percutaneous Internal Ring Suturing (PIRS) presented in this article is the world's first minimally invasive laparoscopic surgical technique for inguinal canal closure in dogs. The aim of the presented study is to evaluate the possibility of employment of the laparoscopic PIRS technique in clinical practice as well as to technically evaluate its usefulness in the treatment of the inguinal hernia in dogs. The presented study describes the procedure and the results of laparoscopic treatment of 11 inguinal hernias in nine dogs (two bilateral). The whole procedure is performed under camera control introduced through one umbilical trocar. The very closure of the inner inguinal ring is done with the injection needle by a small puncture over the inguinal canal with the help of which the suture material is inserted, and the canal of the operated inguinal hernia is closed. Each operated dog underwent a thorough clinical examination before surgery which was combined with ultrasound examination of the inguinal canals before, immediately after and three months after surgery. There was no hernia recurrence in the study period in the operated dogs and all individuals returned to full mobility immediately after recovery from anesthesia. Due to the low invasiveness and simplicity of performance, the PIRS technique described in the study should be taken into account when choosing a treatment method for non-traumatic inguinal hernia in dogs. At the same time, the possibility of using the described technique in other types of inguinal hernia in dogs requires further research.

Oral melanomas commonly occur in elderly dogs resulting in darkly pigmented areas of the mouth, tongue and gums. The main object of this study was a severe melanoma diagnosed in the jaw of a 15-year-old dog and its palliative treatment with electrochemotherapy. The tumour spread throughout the jaw including bones. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) with bleomycin and calcium solution (CaCl2) was combined with standard and CO2 laser surgeries. The treatment resulted in good local control of the tumour mass after one ECT session with bleomycin and a second ECT session with calcium ions solution. ECT significantly reduced bleeding and enhanced success of the surgery. The combination of ECT with surgical debulking resulted in rapid recovery and regaining of physiological activities, including normal feeding by the dog. This case demonstrates that the protocol combining ECT and surgery is promising in palliative melanoma treatment.Key words: oral melanoma; CO2 laser; electrochemotherapy; bleomycin; calcium ionsELEKTROKEMOTERAPIJA V KOMBINACIJI S STANDARDNO IN LASERSKO CO2 KIRURGIJO PASJIH USTNIH MELANOMOVOralni melanom se pogosteje pojavlja pri starejših psih, kot temno pigmentirano področje ustne sluznice, jezika in dlesni. V prispevku opisujemo primer paliativnega zdravljenja obsežnega melanoma na področju spodnje čeljusti 15-letnega psa z elektrokemoterapijo. Tumorska masa se je vraščala tudi v spodaj ležečo kost. Delno kirurško odstranitev tumorske mase s klasično in CO2 lasersko kirurško metodo smo dopolnili z elektrokemoterapijo z bleomicinom in z raztopino kalcijevega klorida (CaCl2). S kombinacijo terapij smo dosegli dobro lokalno kontrolo tumorja. Elektrokemoterapija neposredno po kirurškem posegu je tudi močno zmanjšala krvavitev. Pes je po posegu okreval hitro ob ohranitvi vseh fizioloških funkcij, vključno z normalnim hranjenjem. Delna kirurška resekcija v kombinaciji z elektrokemoterapijo bi bila lahko alternativna možnost paliativnega zdravljenja oralnega melanoma.Ključne besede: ustni melanom; laser CO2; elektrokemoterapija; bleomicin; kalcijevi ioni

Background: For decades, both intraperitoneal and pleural chemotherapy (IPC) have been delivered as a liquid solution. Recent studies suggest that foam carriers outperform liquid carriers for locoregional chemotherapy. For the first time, this study aims to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and characteristics of foam-based intrathoracic chemotherapy (FBiTC) in an in vivo setting. Methods: In this study, contrast-enhanced FBiTC with doxorubicin was delivered via video-assisted thoracoscopy (VAT) in three swine under general anesthesia. Intraoperative and postoperative parameters, blood analyses, vital signs, and anesthesiologic data were collected. Additionally, an intraoperative computer tomography (CT) scan was performed, and histological tissue sections were collected and further analyzed using fluorescence microscopy. Results: FBiTC was delivered without major complications. End-tidal capnometry detected increased CO₂ levels with reduced peripheral oxygen saturation and increased blood pressure and heart rate. No major intra- or postoperative complications were observed. CT scans confirmed a multidirectional distribution pattern of foam. Postoperative laboratory workup did not reveal any critical changes in hemoglobin, white blood count, or platelets. There was no evidence of critical kidney impairment or liver function. Fluorescence microscopy of tissue specimen detected doxorubicin in pleural tissues. Discussion: Our preliminary results are encouraging and indicate that FBiTC is feasible. However, to consider a possible clinical application, further studies are required to investigate the pharmacologic, pharmacodynamic, and physical properties of FBiTC and to ensure the safety of the overall procedure regarding oxygenation levels and capnography parameters.

The aim of the study was to compare anaesthesia protocol utilizing combination ketamine/ medetomidine with epidural lidocaine or morphine to orthopaedic surgery in rabbits. All rabbits received intramuscularly medetomidine (0.5 mg/kg) and ketamine (20 mg/kg). In group L (n=13) epidural injection was performed with lidocaine (3 mg/kg) and in group M (n=13) with morphine (0.1 mg/kg) diluted with sterile saline to 0.6 ml. Rabbits underwent bilateral mosaicplasty surgery. Heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), arte- rial oxygen saturation (SpO2) and respiratory rate (RR) were measured every 5 minute during surgical procedure. Duration of sensory blockade was measured based on toe pinch reflex and recorded. Hemodynamic parameters were comparable at baseline in both groups. We did not observe significant differences in HR, RR, SBP, DBP, MAP between group L and M. Intragroup statistical analysis revealed differences at different time points in group M in terms of HR, SBP, DBP, MAP. In rabbits in group M blood pressure dropped while HR increased over time. In both groups a decrease in SpO2 was observed. Mean duration of loss of the toe pinch reflex was similar between group L and M, and amounted to 72.79±34.48 and 82.80±17.85 minutes, respectively.

For decades, intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPC) was used as a liquid solution for the treatment of peritoneal metastasis. Due to its advantageous physical properties, foam-based intraperitoneal chemotherapy (FBIC) was recently proposed as a treatment for peritoneal metastasis. For the first time, this study intends to examine the feasibility, expansion, drug distribution, and penetration of FBIC in vivo. Three swine received contrast-enhanced FBIC doxorubicin delivered using a bicarbonate carrier system. During the procedure, intraoperative blood analyses and periumbilical diameter, as well as foam distribution, penetration, and expansion of the FBIC were analyzed. The swine received an abdominal CT scan to evaluate the contrast distribution. Furthermore, a hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining of peritoneal samples was performed, and fluorescence microscopy was conducted. FBIC was performed without complications. The periumbilical diameter peaked after 5 min and then decreased. Blood analyses showed changes in blood parameters, with a reduction in the pH levels of serum calcium and potassium. CT scan detected contrast-enhanced FBIC throughout the abdominal cavity. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed that all areas were exposed to doxorubicin and no pathologies were detected in the HE histology. Our preliminary results are quite encouraging and indicate that FBIC is a feasible approach. However, in order to discuss possible clinical applications, further studies are required to investigate the pharmacologic, pharmacodynamic, and physical properties of FBIC.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the combination of tiletamine-zolazepam used in low doses as a continuous rate infusion in a partial intravenous anesthesia protocol. Fifteen clinically healthy, different breed bitches weighing 25.08 ± 10.39 kg was used in this study. After a food fast for at least 12 hours and water fast for 4 hours, the animals were premedicated with dexmedetomidine. After 15 minutes, the bolus of tiletamine-zolazepam combination was given as an. Induction of general anesthesia, immediately followed by continuous intravenous infusion. The following parameters were measured immediately after the induction of general anesthesia and lasted until the end of the surgery: electrocardiography, heart rate, systolic arterial blood pressure, diastolic arterial blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure, body temperature respiratory rate end tidal of CO₂. During the recovery period, pain level was evaluated as well as sedation assessment. Time for successful intubation after administration of the tiletamine-zolazepam combination was within 3 minutes. Heart rate was within reference values. Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure were also within the reference values. Internal body temperature showed a downward trend for a whole procedure time. During recovery, only 1 patient showed symptoms of pain and signs of dissociation. In summary, the partial intravenous protocol with the use of tiletamine-zolazepam combination and low anesthetic gases concentration is clinically useful because of ensuring the correct level of anesthesia and stability of intraoperative parameters as well as a good recovery period.