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Millions of tons of red mud produced as a by-product of the alumina industry by Bayer process not only threatens the environment but also causes waste of secondary resources. To recover iron from red mud, the technology of reduction roasting-magnetic separation to treat high-iron red mud was developed; however, it was difficult to upgrade by separating iron and alumina. In this paper, the effects of high-manganese iron ore on the direct reduction process of high-iron red mud were investigated through various tests such as reduction temperature, reduction time, C/Fe mass ratio, and addition amount of high-manganese iron ore. The results showed that the metallization rate of the direct reduction of high-iron red mud reaches 84.07% roasting at 1150 °C, 150 min and C/Fe mass ratio of 2.0. By synergistic reducing with 60% high-manganese iron ore, the metallization rate increased to 93.52%. The results of phase and microstructure evolution analysis showed that adding high-manganese iron ore, the content of ilmenite, hercynite and fayalite were reduced, and pyrophanite, galaxite and tephroite were formed, indicating that MnO, one of the reduction products of high-manganese iron ore, can react with ilmenite, hercynite and fayalite to generate pyrophanite, galaxite and tephroite in the reduction process, and further dissociated FeO, which was conducive to the reduction of high-iron red mud.
Junying Wan; Tiejun Chen; Xianlin Zhou; Yanhong Luo; Wei Liu; Qicai Lu. Efficient improvement for the direct reduction of high-iron red mud by co-reduction with high-manganese iron ore. Minerals Engineering 2021, 107024 .
AMA StyleJunying Wan, Tiejun Chen, Xianlin Zhou, Yanhong Luo, Wei Liu, Qicai Lu. Efficient improvement for the direct reduction of high-iron red mud by co-reduction with high-manganese iron ore. Minerals Engineering. 2021; ():107024.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJunying Wan; Tiejun Chen; Xianlin Zhou; Yanhong Luo; Wei Liu; Qicai Lu. 2021. "Efficient improvement for the direct reduction of high-iron red mud by co-reduction with high-manganese iron ore." Minerals Engineering , no. : 107024.
How to utilize low grade complex iron resources is an issue that has attracted much attention due to the continuous and huge consumption of iron ores in China. High-aluminum iron ore is a refractory resource and is difficult to upgrade by separating iron and alumina. An innovative technology involving synergistic reducing and synergistic smelting a high-aluminum iron ore containing 41.92% Fetotal, 13.74% Al2O3, and 13.96% SiO2 with a high-manganese iron ore assaying 9.24% Mntotal is proposed. The synergistic reduction process is presented and its enhancing mechanism is discussed. The results show that the generation of hercynite (FeAl2O4) and fayalite (Fe2SiO4) leads to a low metallization degree of 66.49% of the high-aluminum iron ore. Over 90% of the metallization degree is obtained by synergistic reducing with 60% of the high-manganese iron ore. The mechanism of synergistic reduction can be described as follows: MnO from the high-manganese ore chemically combines with Fe2SiO4 and FeAl2O4 to generate Mn2SiO4, MnAl2O4 and FeO, resulting in higher activity of FeO, which can be reduced to Fe in a CO atmosphere. The main products of the synergistic reduction process consist of Fe, Mn2SiO4, and MnAl2O4.
Xianlin Zhou; Yanhong Luo; Tiejun Chen; Deqing Zhu. Enhancing the Reduction of High-Aluminum Iron Ore by Synergistic Reducing with High-Manganese Iron Ore. Metals 2018, 9, 15 .
AMA StyleXianlin Zhou, Yanhong Luo, Tiejun Chen, Deqing Zhu. Enhancing the Reduction of High-Aluminum Iron Ore by Synergistic Reducing with High-Manganese Iron Ore. Metals. 2018; 9 (1):15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXianlin Zhou; Yanhong Luo; Tiejun Chen; Deqing Zhu. 2018. "Enhancing the Reduction of High-Aluminum Iron Ore by Synergistic Reducing with High-Manganese Iron Ore." Metals 9, no. 1: 15.
The research of smelting low ferronickel from pre-concentrate nickel-iron ore with 2.76 % Ni and 38.00 % Fetotal was carried out to find an effective way for stainless steel enterprises to use the low-nickel laterite reasonable. The results show that Ni and Fe both have a certain degree of enrichment, and impurities and harm elements have different degrees of reduction after pre-concentration of nickel-iron ore. Most valuable metal did not compound with impurities which greatly accelerated the speed and extent of melt separation reduction. Good alloy of 6.58 % Ni with the overall recoveries of 93.38 % and 89.95 % Fetotal with the overall recoveries of 89.57 % was manufactured under the following conditions: 10 % coke, 1.0 binary basicity, 18 % MgO and 3 % Al2O3 in slag, melting at 1,550 °C for 10 min. The product can be used for the feed of producing stainless steel.
Deqing Zhu; Xianlin Zhou; Yanhong Luo; Jian Pan; Bing Bai. Reduction Smelting Low Ferronickel from Pre-concentrated Nickel-Iron Ore of Nickel Laterite. High Temperature Materials and Processes 2016, 35, 1031 -1036.
AMA StyleDeqing Zhu, Xianlin Zhou, Yanhong Luo, Jian Pan, Bing Bai. Reduction Smelting Low Ferronickel from Pre-concentrated Nickel-Iron Ore of Nickel Laterite. High Temperature Materials and Processes. 2016; 35 (10):1031-1036.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeqing Zhu; Xianlin Zhou; Yanhong Luo; Jian Pan; Bing Bai. 2016. "Reduction Smelting Low Ferronickel from Pre-concentrated Nickel-Iron Ore of Nickel Laterite." High Temperature Materials and Processes 35, no. 10: 1031-1036.
The granulation behaviour of specularite fines which possess poor ballability was studied with limonite fines as a function of nuclei particles and adhering fines. The results show that the permeability of granules deteriorated as the ratio of specularite fines increased in the mixture, and the optimal granulation moisture content also decreased. The granulation kinetics results demonstrate that the adhering load of specularite fines increased rapidly within 3 minutes and then levelled off. With increasing specularite fines ratio, the adhering rate accelerated but the granulation duration needed to be longer to reach adhering balance. The microstructure of granule quasi-particles indicates that the fine limonite particles act as binders to bond together the specularite particles which are dispersed in the adhering layers. This can improve the adhering strength of the granules. Hence, the granulation behaviour of specularite fines can be improved by blending them with fine limonite ores which have high adhering capabilities.
D. Q. Zhu; X. L. Zhou; J. Pan; B. J. Shi. Granulation behaviour of specularite fines in ferrous sinter mixtures. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy 2016, 125, 172 -177.
AMA StyleD. Q. Zhu, X. L. Zhou, J. Pan, B. J. Shi. Granulation behaviour of specularite fines in ferrous sinter mixtures. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy. 2016; 125 (3):172-177.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD. Q. Zhu; X. L. Zhou; J. Pan; B. J. Shi. 2016. "Granulation behaviour of specularite fines in ferrous sinter mixtures." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy 125, no. 3: 172-177.
The huge consumption of iron ores in China has attracted much attention to utilizing low grade complex iron resources, such as high-aluminum hematite-limonite ore, which is a refractory resource and difficult to upgrade by traditional physical concentration processes due to the superfine size and close dissemination of iron minerals with gangue minerals. An innovative technology for a high temperature reduction-magnetic separation process was studied to upgrade a high-aluminum iron ore assaying 41.92% Fetotal, 13.74% Al2O3 and 13.96% SiO2. The optimized results show that the final metal iron powder, assaying 90.46% Fetotal, was manufactured at an overall iron recovery of 90.25% under conditions as follows: balling the high aluminum iron ore with 15% coal blended and at 0.3 basicity, reducing the dried pellets at 1350 °C for 25 min with a total C/Fe mass ratio of 1.0, grinding the reduced pellets up to 95%, passing at 0.074 mm and magnetically separating the ground product in a Davis Tube at a 0.10-T magnetic field intensity. The metal iron powder can be used as the burden for an electric arc furnace (EAF). Meanwhile, the nonmagnetic tailing is suitable to produce ceramic, which mainly consists of anorthite and corundum. An efficient way has been found to utilize high-aluminum iron resources.
Xianlin Zhou; Deqing Zhu; Jian Pan; Yanhong Luo; Xinqi Liu. Upgrading of High-Aluminum Hematite-Limonite Ore by High Temperature Reduction-Wet Magnetic Separation Process. Metals 2016, 6, 57 .
AMA StyleXianlin Zhou, Deqing Zhu, Jian Pan, Yanhong Luo, Xinqi Liu. Upgrading of High-Aluminum Hematite-Limonite Ore by High Temperature Reduction-Wet Magnetic Separation Process. Metals. 2016; 6 (3):57.
Chicago/Turabian StyleXianlin Zhou; Deqing Zhu; Jian Pan; Yanhong Luo; Xinqi Liu. 2016. "Upgrading of High-Aluminum Hematite-Limonite Ore by High Temperature Reduction-Wet Magnetic Separation Process." Metals 6, no. 3: 57.
Siderite is one of the significant iron ore resources in China and yet is difficult to upgrade by traditional beneficiation processes. A process of coal-based direct reduction–magnetic separation was successfully developed for the beneficiation of siderite. However, few studies have thoroughly investigated the mechanism of the direct reduction of siderite. In order to reveal the reaction mechanism of coal-based direct reduction of siderite lump, thermodynamics of direct reduction was investigated with coal as the reductant. The thermodynamics results indicate that coal-based direct reduction process of siderite lump at 1,050°C follows the steps as FeCO3→ Fe3O4→ FeO → Fe, which is verified by chemical titration analysis, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope. The microstructure of siderite sample varies with different reduction stages and some 45% porosity induced by thermal decomposition of siderite is conductive to subsequent reduction. The conversion of FeO to Fe is the main reduction rate-controlling step. The reduced product with the metallic iron size over 30 μm can be effectively beneficiated by wet magnetic separation after grinding. The obvious layered structure of reduced product is due to different heat transfer resistance, CO and CO2 concentration.
Deqing Zhu; Yanhong Luo; Jian Pan; Xianlin Zhou. Reaction Mechanism of Siderite Lump in Coal-Based Direct Reduction. High Temperature Materials and Processes 2016, 35, 185 -194.
AMA StyleDeqing Zhu, Yanhong Luo, Jian Pan, Xianlin Zhou. Reaction Mechanism of Siderite Lump in Coal-Based Direct Reduction. High Temperature Materials and Processes. 2016; 35 (2):185-194.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeqing Zhu; Yanhong Luo; Jian Pan; Xianlin Zhou. 2016. "Reaction Mechanism of Siderite Lump in Coal-Based Direct Reduction." High Temperature Materials and Processes 35, no. 2: 185-194.
Yanhong Luo; Deqing Zhu; Xianlin Zhou; Bengjing Shi; Feng Zhang. Coproduction of DRI Powder and Semi-coke from Siderite Ore and Low Rank Coal by Excessive Coal-based Direct Reduction in Rotary Kiln. ISIJ International 2016, 56, 78 -87.
AMA StyleYanhong Luo, Deqing Zhu, Xianlin Zhou, Bengjing Shi, Feng Zhang. Coproduction of DRI Powder and Semi-coke from Siderite Ore and Low Rank Coal by Excessive Coal-based Direct Reduction in Rotary Kiln. ISIJ International. 2016; 56 (1):78-87.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYanhong Luo; Deqing Zhu; Xianlin Zhou; Bengjing Shi; Feng Zhang. 2016. "Coproduction of DRI Powder and Semi-coke from Siderite Ore and Low Rank Coal by Excessive Coal-based Direct Reduction in Rotary Kiln." ISIJ International 56, no. 1: 78-87.
Deqing Zhu; Xianlin Zhou; Yanhong Luo; Jian Pan; Cailing Zhen; Guixiang Huang. Monitoring the Ring Formation in Rotary Kiln for Pellet Firing. Drying, Roasting, and Calcining of Minerals 2015, 209 -216.
AMA StyleDeqing Zhu, Xianlin Zhou, Yanhong Luo, Jian Pan, Cailing Zhen, Guixiang Huang. Monitoring the Ring Formation in Rotary Kiln for Pellet Firing. Drying, Roasting, and Calcining of Minerals. 2015; ():209-216.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeqing Zhu; Xianlin Zhou; Yanhong Luo; Jian Pan; Cailing Zhen; Guixiang Huang. 2015. "Monitoring the Ring Formation in Rotary Kiln for Pellet Firing." Drying, Roasting, and Calcining of Minerals , no. : 209-216.
The grate-kiln process has been widely applied for oxide pellet production with the quick development of steel industry in China, but ring formation takes place which adversely affects the productivity and properties of fired pellets. Rotary kiln at high temperature seems a black box, and ring formation is difficult to measure directly by current technology. It’s of great importance to monitor ring formation during firing of pellets. Therefore, a method for estimating the thickness of ring formation in rotary kilns was studied, based on working out theoretically the relationship between ring thickness and the outside surface of the kiln, according to steady-state heat transfer across a cylinder, which provides a soft-sensing technique for ring formation at high temperature, and achieves stable pellet production.
Deqing Zhu; Xianlin Zhou; Yanhong Luo; Jian Pan; Cailing Zhen; Guixiang Huang. Monitoring the Ring Formation in Rotary Kiln for Pellet Firing. Drying, Roasting, and Calcining of Minerals 2015, 209 -216.
AMA StyleDeqing Zhu, Xianlin Zhou, Yanhong Luo, Jian Pan, Cailing Zhen, Guixiang Huang. Monitoring the Ring Formation in Rotary Kiln for Pellet Firing. Drying, Roasting, and Calcining of Minerals. 2015; ():209-216.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeqing Zhu; Xianlin Zhou; Yanhong Luo; Jian Pan; Cailing Zhen; Guixiang Huang. 2015. "Monitoring the Ring Formation in Rotary Kiln for Pellet Firing." Drying, Roasting, and Calcining of Minerals , no. : 209-216.
Deqing Zhu; Xianlin Zhou; Jian Pan; Yanhong Luo. Direct reduction and beneficiation of a refractory siderite lump. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy 2014, 123, 246 -250.
AMA StyleDeqing Zhu, Xianlin Zhou, Jian Pan, Yanhong Luo. Direct reduction and beneficiation of a refractory siderite lump. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy. 2014; 123 (4):246-250.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeqing Zhu; Xianlin Zhou; Jian Pan; Yanhong Luo. 2014. "Direct reduction and beneficiation of a refractory siderite lump." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy 123, no. 4: 246-250.
Jian Pan; Guo-Lin Zheng; De-Qing Zhu; Xian-Lin Zhou. Utilization of nickel slag using selective reduction followed by magnetic separation. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 2013, 23, 3421 -3427.
AMA StyleJian Pan, Guo-Lin Zheng, De-Qing Zhu, Xian-Lin Zhou. Utilization of nickel slag using selective reduction followed by magnetic separation. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 2013; 23 (11):3421-3427.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJian Pan; Guo-Lin Zheng; De-Qing Zhu; Xian-Lin Zhou. 2013. "Utilization of nickel slag using selective reduction followed by magnetic separation." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 23, no. 11: 3421-3427.
This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Samples Experimental Results and Analysis Conclusions
Jan Pan; Zixing Xue; Deqing Zhu; Xianlin Zhou; Yanhong Luo. Reaction Process of Coal Based Reduction of Siderite Ore. 4th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing 2013, 563 -570.
AMA StyleJan Pan, Zixing Xue, Deqing Zhu, Xianlin Zhou, Yanhong Luo. Reaction Process of Coal Based Reduction of Siderite Ore. 4th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing. 2013; ():563-570.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJan Pan; Zixing Xue; Deqing Zhu; Xianlin Zhou; Yanhong Luo. 2013. "Reaction Process of Coal Based Reduction of Siderite Ore." 4th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing , no. : 563-570.
This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Experimental Results and Discussion Conclusions
Deqing Zhu; Ng Chen; Jian Pan; Tiejun Chun; Guolin Zheng; Xianlin Zhou. Chlorination Behaviors of Copper Phases by Calcium Chloride in High Temperature Oxidizing-Chloridizing Roasting. 3rd International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing 2012, 429 -437.
AMA StyleDeqing Zhu, Ng Chen, Jian Pan, Tiejun Chun, Guolin Zheng, Xianlin Zhou. Chlorination Behaviors of Copper Phases by Calcium Chloride in High Temperature Oxidizing-Chloridizing Roasting. 3rd International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing. 2012; ():429-437.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDeqing Zhu; Ng Chen; Jian Pan; Tiejun Chun; Guolin Zheng; Xianlin Zhou. 2012. "Chlorination Behaviors of Copper Phases by Calcium Chloride in High Temperature Oxidizing-Chloridizing Roasting." 3rd International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing , no. : 429-437.
This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Experimental Results and Discussion Conclusions
Jian Pan; Xianlin Zhou; Deqing Zhu; Guolin Zheng. Study of Strengthen Pelletization of Nickel Laterite. 2nd International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing 2011, 355 -362.
AMA StyleJian Pan, Xianlin Zhou, Deqing Zhu, Guolin Zheng. Study of Strengthen Pelletization of Nickel Laterite. 2nd International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing. 2011; ():355-362.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJian Pan; Xianlin Zhou; Deqing Zhu; Guolin Zheng. 2011. "Study of Strengthen Pelletization of Nickel Laterite." 2nd International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing , no. : 355-362.
Theoretical studies of the emission rule of SO2 and NOx during iron ore sintering was conducted, it is put forward that the emission of SO2 possesses the characteristics of self-sustaining which means the emission of SO2 rises to a peak value rapidly just before the sintering end point and then declines dramatically no matter how parameters of sinter technology and the properties of raw material change. It is also revealed that emission of NOx in sintering flue gas is originated primarily from the combustion of gas fuel during ignition and solid fuel in sintering bed. Compared with the emission rule of SO2 during sintering, the emission rule of NOx is quite different. From the finish of ignition to the end of sintering, the concentration of NOx in the flue gas always maintaines at a high level.
Jian Pan; Deqing Zhu; Xianlin Zhou; Yanhong Luo. Theoretical Studies of the Emission Rule of SO2 and NOx in Iron Ore Sintering. 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering 2010, 1 -5.
AMA StyleJian Pan, Deqing Zhu, Xianlin Zhou, Yanhong Luo. Theoretical Studies of the Emission Rule of SO2 and NOx in Iron Ore Sintering. 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. 2010; ():1-5.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJian Pan; Deqing Zhu; Xianlin Zhou; Yanhong Luo. 2010. "Theoretical Studies of the Emission Rule of SO2 and NOx in Iron Ore Sintering." 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering , no. : 1-5.