Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud

La literatura ha encontrado que las necesidades no-criminogénicas también son un factor de riesgo de delincuencia juvenil y, por tanto, han de ser objeto de intervención. Se diseñó un estudio de campo con el objetivo de conocer si el ajuste individual, social y psicológico (necesidades no-criminogénicas) difieren entre menores infractores, menores de protección y normalizados. Para ello se evaluó a 450 adolescentes (150 menores de reforma, 150 de protección y 150 normalizados) en el ajuste individual, social y psicológico. Los resultados mostraron un efecto significativo en el ajuste individual, social y psicológico para el factor población. Sucintamente, los menores de protección y reforma manifestaron un mayor desajuste individual en los niveles personal y familiar que los normalizados, y, adicionalmente, los de reforma a nivel social. Asimismo, los menores de protección e infractores exhibieron un mayor desajuste social consistente en más retraimiento social, ansiedad social/timidez y liderazgo que los normalizados, y los menores infractores un menor ajuste social en la consideración hacia los demás que los normalizados. En el ajuste psicológico, los menores de reforma y protección informaron de más sintomatología obsesivo-compulsiva, de sensibilidad interpersonal, depresiva, de hostilidad, de ansiedad-fóbica y psicótica que los normalizados, y los de protección más somática, ansiosa (generalizada) y paranoide que los normalizados. Se cuantificaron los déficits en estas dimensiones para estimar la magnitud de las necesidades. Se discuten las implicaciones teóricas de los resultados y para el diseño de programas de prevención de la delincuencia y de recaídas. Literature has found that non-criminogenic needs also are a juvenile delinquency risk factor and, consequently, should be target of intervention. With the aim of knowing if individual, social and psychological adjustment differ between juvenile offenders and foster care adolescents with normal adolescents was designed. A total of 450 adolescents (150 juvenile offenders, 150 foster care adolescents, and 150 normal adolescents) were evaluated in individual, social and psychological adjustment. The results showed a significant effect in the individual, social and psychological adjustment for the population factor. Succinctly, juvenile offenders and foster care adolescents displayed a higher individual maladjustment in the personal and family level than normal adolescents, and, additionally, juvenile offenders in the social level. Likewise, juvenile offenders and foster care adolescents exhibited a higher social maladjustment consisting in more social withdrawal, social anxiety/shyness, and leadership than normal adolescents; and juvenile offenders revealed less consideration for others than normal adolescents. In psychological adjustment, juvenile offenders and foster care adolescents reported more obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, hostile, phobic-anxiety, and psychotic symptomology than normal adolescent; and foster care adolescent more somatic, anxiety (generalized) and paranoid symptoms than normal adolescents. The deficits in these needs were quantified as to estimate the magnitude of the intervention. Theoretical and practical implications for intervention of the results are discussed

Background/aim: Sexual harassment has become a serious social and public health problem in adolescents, causing adverse effects on mental health. Nevertheless, some behaviours arise that, due to their characteristics, might be misinterpreted as sexual harassment. A field study using a survey with non-probabilistic accidental sampling was designed in order to estimate the prevalence of sexual harassment victimization in the Spanish adolescent population as well as to quantify the harms. Method: A total of 1028 Spanish adolescents, 54.3% females and 45.7% males aged 13–17 years (M = 15.21, SD = 1.03), responded to a diagnostic measure of sexual harassment victimization and an inventory measure of internalizing and externalizing mental health problems (MHPs). Results: The results showed a significant prevalence of diagnosed sexual harassment victimization of school-aged adolescents, 24.1%, 95% CI [0.215, 0.267], with adverse effects on internalizing and externalizing MHPs. As for the internalizing MHPs, the results exhibited moderate adverse effects on depression, anxiety, somatic burns, posttraumatic symptoms, and obsessive–compulsive symptoms, as well as mild adverse effects on social anxiety. Regarding externalizing MHPs, the results revealed moderate adverse effects on hyperactivity–impulsivity, anger control, and antisocial behaviour, as well as mild adverse effects on attention problems, aggression, and defiant behaviour. In addition, it was confirmed that sexual harassment victimization affects adolescent females to a greater extent, with the effect being significantly greater in internalizing than in externalizing MHPs. Conclusions: The results obtained are discussed and future lines of research and intervention are proposed to promote the implementation of prevention and intervention programs that address this phenomenon and, in turn, improve the physical, psychological, and social well-being of adolescents.

The literature has shown a direct relationship between the psychological sense of belonging with psychological well-being and academic involvement in physical communities. However, new technologies have favored the formation of communities in cyberspace, with scarce research at the university level addressing their impact. For this reason, an ex post facto study has been designed with the aim of knowing the relationship between the psychological sense of belonging to virtual communities with psychological well-being, with academic involvement, academic satisfaction, and the perception of justice of the academic outcomes. In addition, the possible influence of the gender factor was considered. 1,035 undergraduate students from Spanish universities responded to the Scale of Psychological Sense of Community in Virtual Groups (SCGV), to the Scale of Psychological Well-being (EBP) and to an ad hoc instrument designed to measure academic involvement, academic satisfaction and perception of justice of the academic outcomes. The results revealed that the successful virtual sense of belonging is related to greater subjective, economic and academic well-being, while increasing academic participation, academic satisfaction and the perception of justice of the academic outcomes. Moreover, the influence of the gender factor was also found, as it revealed greater academic well-being in women and differences in academic participation between men and women. The implications of the results are discussed in terms of the benefits for the students of integration and participation in virtual academic communities for the well-being, academic involvement, academic satisfaction and perception of justice of the academic outcomes.

Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud

In recent decades, there have been significant changes in families that have influenced how parents care for and educate their children. Positive parenting involves addressing the specific needs that each descendant shows, fostering the full development of their abilities. Literature attests that positive parenting has a positive impact on the well-being of children and that the exercise of inappropriate parenting can cause emotional and behavioral issues. This study aims to assess whether there are sex differences regarding parenting and whether these may be moderated by the family structure (separated vs living together). Stress indicators (positive and negative) that parenting may entail are also taken into account. 2169 parents of children between the ages of 2 and 12 participated. To assess parenthood and psychological distress PAFAS, PRS, CAPES and K-10 was applied. The results reveal inequalities between mothers and fathers. It is the mothers who take the most care of the children and who are most overburdened. There are also inequalities depending on marital status in the exercise of their parenthood, in turn moderated by the sex of the parents. This work constitutes a reference of normality to compare parenthood of parents living in Spain. En las últimas décadas se han producido cambios en las familias que han influido en como los progenitores cuidan y educan a sus hijos/as. El ejercicio positivo de la parentalidad implica atender y satisfacer las necesidades específicas de cada descendiente promoviendo el pleno desarrollo de sus capacidades. La literatura avala que un ejercicio positivo de la parentalidad impacta positivamente en el bienestar de los hijos/as y el ejercicio de una parentalidad inadecuada puede producirles problemas emocionales y conductuales. Este estudio pretende evaluar si existen diferencias de sexo en el ejercicio de la parentalidad y si pueden estar moderadas por la estructura familiar (en separación/en convivencia). Se tienen en cuenta también indicadores (positivos y negativos) del estrés que pueda conllevar la función parental. Participaron 2.169 padres y madres de niños/as de edades comprendidas entre 2 y 12 años. Para valorar el ejercicio de la parentalidad y el estrés se aplicaron la escala PAFAS, la PRS, el CAPES y el K-10. Los resultados ponen de manifiesto desigualdades muy definidas entre madres y padres. Son las madres quienes se ocupan más de los hijos/as y quienes más sobrecargadas están. También existen desigualdades en función del estado civil en el ejercicio de su parentalidad, a su vez moderadas por el sexo de los progenitores. Este trabajo constituye un referente de normalidad para comparar el ejercicio de la parentalidad de progenitores que viven en España.