CRKP has been registered in the critical priority tier by the World Health Organization and has become a significant menace to public health. The emergence of CR-HvKP is of great concern in terms of both disease and treatment.

S. haemolyticus is an emerging opportunistic pathogen with a high burden of antimicrobial resistance. We performed molecular epidemiological analysis of S. haemolyticus that was isolated from a hospital, and found that the phylogenetic lineages are diverse accompanied by a dominant epidemic clonal lineage ST42.

Liver fibrosis is a serious global public health problem, owing to a lack of effective treatment. Coprinus comatus polysaccharides (CP), isolated from C. comatus, possess multiple biological activities. In our work, water-soluble polysaccharides (CPa) from CP were obtained by column chromatography. We attempted to investigate the anti-liver fibrosis ability of CPa and the underlying mechanisms of its activity against liver fibrosis in vivo and in vitro, as well as its structure. In vivo results showed that CPa reduced the release of inflammatory factors and apoptosis by modulating the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB, Bcl-2/Bax and caspase family signaling pathways, thereby attenuating serum enzymes, ROS, α-SMA, collagen III, TGFβ1, p-Smad3, and collagen volume fraction, and increasing the defense capacity of the antioxidant defense system in tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced liver fibrosis mice. The in vitro result was used to verify that, in vivo, CPa regulated the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB, Bcl-2/Bax and caspase family signaling pathways to prevent the activation of HSCs and accelerate HSCs apoptosis in activated LX-2 cells. Thus, CPa could attenuate liver fibrosis by mediating inflammation and apoptosis. Meantime, the structural analysis showed that CPa is a polysaccharide with α- and β-configurations including Fuc, Man, Gal and Glc with a M_w of 524 kDa. These findings indicate that CPa could be developed into functional foods and drugs against liver fibrosis.

One novel enzymatic-extractable polysaccharide (ES1) from fruiting bodies of Laetiporus Sulphureus was obtained by isolation and purification using a DEAE Seplife FF chromatographic column and a Sephacryl S-400HR column. The hepatoprotective ability of ES1 against chronic alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and its underlying mechanism were explored. The results indicated that ES1 could alleviate liver damage in ALD mice by activating sequestosome-1/nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (P62/Nrf2) pathway to increase antioxidant enzyme activities against oxidative stress, regulating adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway to promote fatty acid oxidation and inhibit cholesterol synthesis against lipid metabolism disorders, and improving gut microbiota (Increasing the relative abundances of Ligilactobacillus and Akkermansia, and reducing the relative abundances of Enterococcus, Romboutsia, Allobaculum, Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002, Dubosiella and Faecalibaculum) against intestinal barrier dysfunction. Meantime, structural analysis showed that ES1 with molecular weight of 25.79 kDa was composed of α-D-Manp-(1→, →2,6)-α-D-Galp-(1→, →6)-α-D-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-L-Fucp-(1→, and α-D-Glcp-(1→, and its structure was also inferred. Therefore, these data support the application of ES1 as a potential functional food or drug for treating ALD.