Clarifying spatiotemporal variations in transpiration and their influencing mechanisms is highly valuable for the accurate assessment of hillslope-scale transpiration and for the effective management of forest–water coordination. Here, the sap flow density, meteorological conditions, and soil moisture downslope and upslope of a Larix gmelinii var. principis-rupprechtii plantation hillslope were observed during the growing season (June to September) in 2023, China. The results revealed that transpiration per unit leaf area (T_L) was significantly lower at the upslope position than at the downslope position, with mean values of 0.21 and 0.31 mm·d⁻¹, respectively; these data were associated with the lower canopy conductance per unit leaf area induced by the higher vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and lower soil water content at the 40–60 cm soil depth at the upslope position. The temporal variations in the T_L were controlled by solar radiation, VPD, air temperature, and soil moisture at both slope positions, and the quantitative relationships established from these factors explained 89% of the variation in the T_L. The slope position did not affect the response functions between the T_L and the controlling factors but changed the contribution to the T_L. Compared with those at the downslope position, the contributions from solar radiation and VPD (air temperature) decreased (increased) at the upslope position, and the contribution of soil moisture was essentially similar at both slope positions. Transpiration mainly utilized water from the 20–60 cm soil depth; these results indicated that the soil water content at the 20–40 and 40–60 cm soil depths contributed more to the T_L than did that at the 0–20 cm soil depth. Based on our findings, changes in the environmental conditions caused by slope position have a critical impact on transpiration and can contribute to the development of hillslope-scale transpiration estimates and precise integrated forest and water management.