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In Vietnam, agricultural practices such as fertilizer and pesticide use affect the landscape as well as the availability and safety of food. For instance, pesticides and fertilizer end up in surface water used for drinking water, crop irrigation, and in fish tanks. However, the link to actual food consumption and health is complex and information is lacking. This study considers potential water-related exposure to toxic hazards in northern Vietnam food systems, through the consumption of food commodities and of water. Water pollution is operationalized by considering the following two channels: i) pesticide and nutrient leaching to surface water (share of surface water) and ii) industrial runoff from facilities located in urban areas (share of urban areas). We explore how potential exposure to toxic hazard is related to food consumption choices. Using a sample of the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey (VHLSS) for 2014, we estimate how shares of food consumption categories in total food consumption are affected by household and landscape characteristics, the latter also reflecting potential environmental pressures. In districts with higher shares of surface water, the share of fish consumption is higher and the share of meat consumption is lower. From an environmental and health perspective, households in water-rich areas thus may have a higher probability of being exposed to toxic chemicals due to higher fish consumption. In districts with higher shares of urban areas, the shares of meat and cereals in total food consumption value were lower, and the shares of fish and fruit and vegetables were higher. The results indicate that food consumption is affected by landscape characteristics that may also influence the level of exposure to water-related environmental pressures, and that this combined effect may potentially exacerbate food safety and health risks. The actual impact is more complex and should be analyzed with more sophisticated data and methods.
Vincent Linderhof; Marieke Meeske; Vasco Diogo; Anne Sonneveld. The Impact of Water-Related Pollution on Food Systems in Transition: The Case of Northern Vietnam. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1945 .
AMA StyleVincent Linderhof, Marieke Meeske, Vasco Diogo, Anne Sonneveld. The Impact of Water-Related Pollution on Food Systems in Transition: The Case of Northern Vietnam. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (4):1945.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVincent Linderhof; Marieke Meeske; Vasco Diogo; Anne Sonneveld. 2021. "The Impact of Water-Related Pollution on Food Systems in Transition: The Case of Northern Vietnam." Sustainability 13, no. 4: 1945.
In the majority of EU Member States, agricultural land is expected to decrease not only due to land-use changes in favour of urban expansion and afforestation but also to land abandonment processes. The knowledge on location and extent of agricultural land abandonment is relevant for estimating local external effects and adapting policy interventions. Currently, multi-level land-use models are able to capture determined processes of demand-driven redevelopment. However, land abandonment is much more difficult to capture because of its more ambiguous definition and the lack of data on its spatial distribution. This paper presents a method to explicitly model agricultural abandonment as a choice of disinvestment, which in turn is embedded in a utility-based land-use modelling framework that projects land-use changes for EU28. Validation exercises using observed spatial distribution of abandoned farmland show that the proposed method allows to model abandonment with acceptable accuracy.
Carolina Perpiña Castillo; Chris Jacobs-Crisioni; Vasco Diogo; Carlo Lavalle. Modelling agricultural land abandonment in a fine spatial resolution multi-level land-use model: An application for the EU. Environmental Modelling & Software 2020, 136, 104946 .
AMA StyleCarolina Perpiña Castillo, Chris Jacobs-Crisioni, Vasco Diogo, Carlo Lavalle. Modelling agricultural land abandonment in a fine spatial resolution multi-level land-use model: An application for the EU. Environmental Modelling & Software. 2020; 136 ():104946.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCarolina Perpiña Castillo; Chris Jacobs-Crisioni; Vasco Diogo; Carlo Lavalle. 2020. "Modelling agricultural land abandonment in a fine spatial resolution multi-level land-use model: An application for the EU." Environmental Modelling & Software 136, no. : 104946.
There is widespread consensus among scientists, policy makers, and practitioners that agriculture should become more sustainable, while maintaining the ability to meet future food demand. However, there are still many diverging views on what sustainable intensification means, and how to get there. In this article, we present a conceptual framework to navigate agricultural intensification pathways. The conceptual framework aligns three research themes central to improving the sustainability of agriculture: (1) What are the social, economic, and environmental trade-offs of alternative agricultural intensification options? (2) How do land managers decide on intensification strategies, and how can the adoption of sustainable practices be made more attractive? (3) How do socio-political, technological, and environmental mega-trends and other drivers of change affect sustainable intensification measures and agricultural landscapes? The framework presented here goes beyond earlier frameworks by considering multiple dimensions of intensity and sustainability, drawing from both natural and social science theories. Also, it operates across spatial and temporal scales, and is outcome-focused while explicitly considering the linkages between decision making processes and sustainability outcomes. We argue that given these novelties the conceptual framework can serve as a blueprint to assess pathways towards sustainable agricultural intensification.
Julian Helfenstein; Vasco Diogo; Matthias Bürgi; Peter Verburg; Rebecca Swart; Franziska Mohr; Niels Debonne; Christian Levers; Felix Herzog. Conceptualizing pathways to sustainable agricultural intensification. High-Arctic Ecosystem Dynamics in a Changing Climate 2020, 161 -192.
AMA StyleJulian Helfenstein, Vasco Diogo, Matthias Bürgi, Peter Verburg, Rebecca Swart, Franziska Mohr, Niels Debonne, Christian Levers, Felix Herzog. Conceptualizing pathways to sustainable agricultural intensification. High-Arctic Ecosystem Dynamics in a Changing Climate. 2020; ():161-192.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJulian Helfenstein; Vasco Diogo; Matthias Bürgi; Peter Verburg; Rebecca Swart; Franziska Mohr; Niels Debonne; Christian Levers; Felix Herzog. 2020. "Conceptualizing pathways to sustainable agricultural intensification." High-Arctic Ecosystem Dynamics in a Changing Climate , no. : 161-192.
Vasco Diogo; Lei Green Economy And Landuse; Wil Hennen; Monika Verma; Diti Oudendag; Marijke Kuiper; LEI International Policy. MagnetGrid : Model description and user guide. MagnetGrid : Model description and user guide 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleVasco Diogo, Lei Green Economy And Landuse, Wil Hennen, Monika Verma, Diti Oudendag, Marijke Kuiper, LEI International Policy. MagnetGrid : Model description and user guide. MagnetGrid : Model description and user guide. 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVasco Diogo; Lei Green Economy And Landuse; Wil Hennen; Monika Verma; Diti Oudendag; Marijke Kuiper; LEI International Policy. 2020. "MagnetGrid : Model description and user guide." MagnetGrid : Model description and user guide , no. : 1.
Wil H.G.J. Hennen; Vasco Diogo; Nico B.P. Polman; Marijke W.C. Dijkshoorn-Dekker. COMPARING CITIES OF THE WORLD ACCORDING TO THEIR FOOD SECURITY RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES. Sustainable Development and Planning X 2018, 1 .
AMA StyleWil H.G.J. Hennen, Vasco Diogo, Nico B.P. Polman, Marijke W.C. Dijkshoorn-Dekker. COMPARING CITIES OF THE WORLD ACCORDING TO THEIR FOOD SECURITY RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES. Sustainable Development and Planning X. 2018; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWil H.G.J. Hennen; Vasco Diogo; Nico B.P. Polman; Marijke W.C. Dijkshoorn-Dekker. 2018. "COMPARING CITIES OF THE WORLD ACCORDING TO THEIR FOOD SECURITY RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES." Sustainable Development and Planning X , no. : 1.
V. Diogo; Pytrik Reidsma; Ben Schaap; B.P.J. Andree; Eric Koomen. Assessing local and regional economic impacts of climatic extremes and feasibility of adaptation measures in Dutch arable farming systems. Agricultural Systems 2017, 157, 216 -229.
AMA StyleV. Diogo, Pytrik Reidsma, Ben Schaap, B.P.J. Andree, Eric Koomen. Assessing local and regional economic impacts of climatic extremes and feasibility of adaptation measures in Dutch arable farming systems. Agricultural Systems. 2017; 157 ():216-229.
Chicago/Turabian StyleV. Diogo; Pytrik Reidsma; Ben Schaap; B.P.J. Andree; Eric Koomen. 2017. "Assessing local and regional economic impacts of climatic extremes and feasibility of adaptation measures in Dutch arable farming systems." Agricultural Systems 157, no. : 216-229.
Bo Pieter Johannes Andrée; Vasco Diogo; Eric Koomen. Efficiency of second-generation biofuel crop subsidy schemes: Spatial heterogeneity and policy design. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2017, 67, 848 -862.
AMA StyleBo Pieter Johannes Andrée, Vasco Diogo, Eric Koomen. Efficiency of second-generation biofuel crop subsidy schemes: Spatial heterogeneity and policy design. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017; 67 ():848-862.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBo Pieter Johannes Andrée; Vasco Diogo; Eric Koomen. 2017. "Efficiency of second-generation biofuel crop subsidy schemes: Spatial heterogeneity and policy design." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 67, no. : 848-862.
Land suitability analysis is employed to evaluate the appropriateness of land for a particular purpose whilst integrating both qualitative and quantitative inputs, which can be continuous in nature. However, in agricultural modelling there is often a disregard of this contiguous aspect. Therefore, some parametric procedures for suitability analysis compartmentalise units into defined membership classes. This imposition of crisp boundaries neglects the continuous formations found throughout nature and overlooks differences and inherent uncertainties found in the modelling. This research will compare two approaches to suitability analysis over three differing methods. The primary approach will use an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), while the other approach will use a Fuzzy AHP over two methods; Fitted Fuzzy AHP and Nested Fuzzy AHP. Secondary to this, each method will be assessed into how it behaves in a climate change scenario to understand and highlight the role of uncertainties in model conceptualisation and structure. Outputs and comparisons between each method, in relation to area, proportion of membership classes and spatial representation, showed that fuzzy modelling techniques detailed a more robust and continuous output. In particular the Nested Fuzzy AHP was concluded to be more pertinent, as it incorporated complex modelling techniques, as well as the initial AHP framework. Through this comparison and assessment of model behaviour, an evaluation of each methods predictive capacity and relevance for decision-making purposes in agricultural applications is gained.
Harmen Romeijn; Robert Faggian; Vasco Diogo; Victor Sposito. Evaluation of Deterministic and Complex Analytical Hierarchy Process Methods for Agricultural Land Suitability Analysis in a Changing Climate. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 2016, 5, 99 .
AMA StyleHarmen Romeijn, Robert Faggian, Vasco Diogo, Victor Sposito. Evaluation of Deterministic and Complex Analytical Hierarchy Process Methods for Agricultural Land Suitability Analysis in a Changing Climate. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 2016; 5 (6):99.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarmen Romeijn; Robert Faggian; Vasco Diogo; Victor Sposito. 2016. "Evaluation of Deterministic and Complex Analytical Hierarchy Process Methods for Agricultural Land Suitability Analysis in a Changing Climate." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 5, no. 6: 99.
An economic theory-based land-use modelling framework is presented aiming to explain the causal link between economic decisions and resulting spatial patterns of agricultural land use. The framework assumes that farmers pursue utility maximisation in agricultural production systems, while considering alternative production options and making land-use decisions. Local utility is assumed to depend on a complex combination of different types of factors that together set the opportunities and constraints for different production options. The framework's ability to reproduce the current patterns is demonstrated for a case study in the Netherlands. The framework was implemented in a land-use modelling simulation tool rooted in economic theory, that was first specified according to the current trends in the driving forces assumed to steer land-use change. Alternative model specifications accounting for different sets of cash flows were implemented in order to explore the importance of uncertainties on model conceptualisation and structure. The allocation of agricultural land use was then simulated according to these specifications and the results were validated by comparing the simulated land-use patterns with observed ones. When cash flows accounting for path-dependency and land-use inertia were considered, the framework performed well in reproducing current patterns in the Netherlands, with a degree of correspondence of 82.2% in the pixel-by-pixel validation, up to 87.4% in the multiple resolution validation. Production costs and gross revenues seem to only partly explain the observed patterns, as shown by the lower degrees of correspondence (57.5% up to 65.0%) for the model specification solely accounting for these cash flows. In our case study, transportation costs did not seem to play a significant role in the allocation of agricultural land use, although that might be attributed to the relatively small size of the study area and the existence of a high-quality transport network. The model did not perform equally well for different production systems: land-uses specified at the crop level appeared to be particularly well allocated; those defined at the aggregated production system level performed poorer. The ability to link economic decision-making processes with the resulting agricultural land-use patterns, while incorporating complex interactions with different type of factors, implies that a coherent modelling approach for the simulation of future patterns of agriculture land use was established. This approach can be used to help policy-makers explore possible future socio-economic and environmental impacts resulting e.g. from climate change and/or policy reform, allowing them to devise strategies to cope with future challenges in agricultural systems
V. Diogo; Eric Koomen; T. Kuhlman. An economic theory-based explanatory model of agricultural land-use patterns: The Netherlands as a case study. Agricultural Systems 2015, 139, 1 -16.
AMA StyleV. Diogo, Eric Koomen, T. Kuhlman. An economic theory-based explanatory model of agricultural land-use patterns: The Netherlands as a case study. Agricultural Systems. 2015; 139 ():1-16.
Chicago/Turabian StyleV. Diogo; Eric Koomen; T. Kuhlman. 2015. "An economic theory-based explanatory model of agricultural land-use patterns: The Netherlands as a case study." Agricultural Systems 139, no. : 1-16.
Climate change and urban development will exacerbate current urban heat island effects. While most studies acknowledge the importance of projected temperature increases for raising urban temperatures, little attention is paid to the impacts of future changes in urbanisation patterns. Yet, steering urban development may be an effective strategy to further limit increases in the intensity and spreading of the urban heat island effect. We describe a method that allows exploring the impact of urban development scenarios on the urban heat island effect. This paper starts with a basic analysis of the strength of this effect in a temperate climate under relatively favourable conditions based on data from amateur weather stations and own observations. It explains local variation in observed temperatures and quantifies how the urban heat island effect may develop in the coming 30 years. Using the obtained relations, we assess potential future changes building on existing scenarios of climatic and socio-economic changes and a land use simulation model. Our measurements for the Amsterdam region in the Netherlands indicate that the urban heat island effect induces maximum temperature differences with the surrounding countryside of over 3 °C on moderately warm summer days. The simulations of potential future changes indicate that strong local temperature increases are likely due to urban development. Climate change will, on average, have a limited impact on these changes. Large impacts can, however, be expected from the combination of urban development and potentially more frequent occurrences of extreme climatic events such as heat waves. Spatial planning strategies that reduce the lateral spread of urban development will thus greatly help to limit a further increase in urban heat island values.
Eric Koomen; Vasco Diogo. Assessing potential future urban heat island patterns following climate scenarios, socio-economic developments and spatial planning strategies. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 2015, 22, 287 -306.
AMA StyleEric Koomen, Vasco Diogo. Assessing potential future urban heat island patterns following climate scenarios, socio-economic developments and spatial planning strategies. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. 2015; 22 (2):287-306.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEric Koomen; Vasco Diogo. 2015. "Assessing potential future urban heat island patterns following climate scenarios, socio-economic developments and spatial planning strategies." Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 22, no. 2: 287-306.
Forest managers, stakeholders and investors want to be able to evaluate economic, social and environmental information in order to improve the outcomes of their decisions and enhance sustainable forest management. We propose a spatial information system that provides: (1) an approach to identifying the most beneficial locations for agroforestry projects based on the biophysical properties and evaluate its economic, social and environmental impact; (2) a simulation environment that enables evaluation via a simple dashboard and with the opportunity to perform straight forward sensitivity analysis for key parameters; (3) a tool to inform prospective investors of the potential and opportunities for integrated forest management; (4) a 3D interactive geographic visualization of the economic, social and environmental outcomes to facilitate direct understanding, also by non-experts. The presented tool intends to inform investors and improve forestry management decision-making, integrating the value of environmental services and collaborative decision making of multiple decision makers and stakeholders.
André Freitas; Eduardo Dias; Vasco Diogo; Willie Smits. Interactive Spatial Decision Support for Agroforestry Management. Representing Place and Territorial Identities in Europe 2014, 149 -169.
AMA StyleAndré Freitas, Eduardo Dias, Vasco Diogo, Willie Smits. Interactive Spatial Decision Support for Agroforestry Management. Representing Place and Territorial Identities in Europe. 2014; ():149-169.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAndré Freitas; Eduardo Dias; Vasco Diogo; Willie Smits. 2014. "Interactive Spatial Decision Support for Agroforestry Management." Representing Place and Territorial Identities in Europe , no. : 149-169.
Models that simulate land-use patterns often use either inductive, data-driven approaches or deductive, theory-based methods to describe the relative strength of the social, economic and biophysical forces that drive the various sectors in the land system. An integrated framework is proposed here that incorporates both approaches based on a unified assessment for local land suitability following a monetary, utility-based logic. The framework is illustrated with a hedonic pricing analysis of urban land values and a net present value assessment for agricultural production system in combination with statistics-based assessments of land suitability for other sectors. The results show that limited difference exists between the most commonly applied inductive approaches that use either multinomial or binomial logistic regression specifications of suitability. Land-use simulations following the binomial regression based suitability values that were rescaled to bid prices (reflecting relative competitiveness) perform better for all individual land-use types. Performance improves even further when a land value based description of urban bid prices is added to this approach. Interestingly enough the better fitting description of suitability for urban areas also improves the ability of the model to simulate correct locations for business estates and greenhouses. The simulation alternatives that consider the net present values for agricultural types of land use show the relevance of this approach for understanding the spatial distribution of these types of land use. The combined use of urban land values and net present values for agricultural land use in defining land suitability performs best in our validation exercise. The proposed methodology can also be used to incorporate information from other research frameworks that describe the utility of land for different types of use.
Eric Koomen; Vasco Diogo; J.E.C. Dekkers; Piet Rietveld. A utility-based suitability framework for integrated local-scale land-use modelling. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 2014, 50, 1 -14.
AMA StyleEric Koomen, Vasco Diogo, J.E.C. Dekkers, Piet Rietveld. A utility-based suitability framework for integrated local-scale land-use modelling. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems. 2014; 50 ():1-14.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEric Koomen; Vasco Diogo; J.E.C. Dekkers; Piet Rietveld. 2014. "A utility-based suitability framework for integrated local-scale land-use modelling." Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 50, no. : 1-14.
In this paper, a land-use modelling framework is presented combining empirical and theory-based modelling approaches to determine economic potential of biofuel production avoiding indirect land-use changes (iLUC) resulting from land competition with other functions. The empirical approach explores future developments in food and feed production to determine land availability and technical potential of biofuel production. The theory-based approach assesses the economic performance of biofuel crops on the surplus land in comparison with other production systems and determines the economic potential of biofuel production. The framework is demonstrated for a case study in Argentina to determine the development of biofuel potential from soy and switchgrass up to 2030. Two scenarios were considered regarding future developments of productivity in agriculture and livestock production. It was found that under a scenario reflecting a continuation of current trends, no surplus land is expected to become available. Nevertheless, the potential for soybean biodiesel is expected to keep increasing up to 103 PJ in 2030, due to the existence of a developed agro-industrial sector jointly producing feed and biodiesel. In case large technological developments occur, 32 Mha could become available in 2030, which would allow for a technical potential of 472 PJ soybean biodiesel and 1445 PJ switchgrass bioethanol. According to the economic assessment, an economic potential of 368 PJ of soy biodiesel and 1.1 EJ switchgrass bioethanol could be attained, at a feedstock production cost of 100–155 US$/ton and 20–45 US$/ton, respectively. The region of southwest Buenos Aires and La Pampa provinces appeared to be particularly promising for switchgrass. The ability of jointly assessing future developments in land availability, technical and economic potential of biofuel production avoiding iLUC and spatial distribution of viable locations for growing biofuel crops means that the proposed framework is a step forward in assessing the potential for biofuel production that is both economically viable and sustainably produced.
V. Diogo; F. van der Hilst; J. van Eijck; J.A. Verstegen; J. Hilbert; S. Carballo; J. Volante; A. Faaij. Combining empirical and theory-based land-use modelling approaches to assess economic potential of biofuel production avoiding iLUC: Argentina as a case study. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2014, 34, 208 -224.
AMA StyleV. Diogo, F. van der Hilst, J. van Eijck, J.A. Verstegen, J. Hilbert, S. Carballo, J. Volante, A. Faaij. Combining empirical and theory-based land-use modelling approaches to assess economic potential of biofuel production avoiding iLUC: Argentina as a case study. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014; 34 ():208-224.
Chicago/Turabian StyleV. Diogo; F. van der Hilst; J. van Eijck; J.A. Verstegen; J. Hilbert; S. Carballo; J. Volante; A. Faaij. 2014. "Combining empirical and theory-based land-use modelling approaches to assess economic potential of biofuel production avoiding iLUC: Argentina as a case study." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 34, no. : 208-224.
Current developments in the field of land use modelling point towards greater level of spatial and thematic resolution and the possibility to model large geographical extents. Improvements are taking place as computational capabilities increase and socioeconomic and environmental data are produced with sufficient detail. Integrated approaches to land use modelling rely on the development of interfaces with specialized models from fields like economy, hydrology, and agriculture. Impact assessment of scenarios/policies at various geographical scales can particularly benefit from these advances. A comprehensive land use modelling framework includes necessarily both the estimation of the quantity and the spatial allocation of land uses within a given timeframe. In this paper, we seek to establish straightforward methods to estimate demand for industrial and commercial land uses that can be used in the context of land use modelling, in particular for applications at continental scale, where the unavailability of data is often a major constraint. We propose a set of approaches based on ‘land use intensity’ measures indicating the amount of economic output per existing areal unit of land use. A base model was designed to estimate land demand based on regional-specific land use intensities; in addition, variants accounting for sectoral differences in land use intensity were introduced. A validation was carried out for a set of European countries by estimating land use for 2006 and comparing it to observations. The models’ results were compared with estimations generated using the ‘null model’ (no land use change) and simple trend extrapolations. Results indicate that the proposed approaches clearly outperformed the ‘null model’, but did not consistently outperform the linear extrapolation. An uncertainty analysis further revealed that the models’ performances are particularly sensitive to the quality of the input land use data. In addition, unknown future trends of regional land use intensity widen considerably the uncertainty bands of the predictions.
Filipe Batista E Silva; Eric Koomen; Vasco Diogo; Carlo Lavalle. Estimating Demand for Industrial and Commercial Land Use Given Economic Forecasts. PLOS ONE 2014, 9, e91991 .
AMA StyleFilipe Batista E Silva, Eric Koomen, Vasco Diogo, Carlo Lavalle. Estimating Demand for Industrial and Commercial Land Use Given Economic Forecasts. PLOS ONE. 2014; 9 (3):e91991.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFilipe Batista E Silva; Eric Koomen; Vasco Diogo; Carlo Lavalle. 2014. "Estimating Demand for Industrial and Commercial Land Use Given Economic Forecasts." PLOS ONE 9, no. 3: e91991.
Tom Kuhlman; Vasco Diogo; Eric Koomen. Exploring the potential of reed as a bioenergy crop in the Netherlands. Biomass and Bioenergy 2013, 55, 41 -52.
AMA StyleTom Kuhlman, Vasco Diogo, Eric Koomen. Exploring the potential of reed as a bioenergy crop in the Netherlands. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2013; 55 ():41-52.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTom Kuhlman; Vasco Diogo; Eric Koomen. 2013. "Exploring the potential of reed as a bioenergy crop in the Netherlands." Biomass and Bioenergy 55, no. : 41-52.
Vasco Diogo; Eric Koomen. Land-Use Change in Portugal, 1990–2006: Main Processes and Underlying Factors. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization 2012, 47, 237 -249.
AMA StyleVasco Diogo, Eric Koomen. Land-Use Change in Portugal, 1990–2006: Main Processes and Underlying Factors. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization. 2012; 47 (4):237-249.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVasco Diogo; Eric Koomen. 2012. "Land-Use Change in Portugal, 1990–2006: Main Processes and Underlying Factors." Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization 47, no. 4: 237-249.