Background: At present, there are multiple hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying the effect of exercise on the postoperative inflammatory factors and the IGF system among breast cancer patients, especially. To determine the underlying mechanisms, prevent the recurrence of breast cancer and improve its prognosis, this paper will systematically evaluate the impact of exercise on inflammatory factors and the IGF system in breast cancer survivors. Methods: The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP (Chinese scientific and technical journals) databases were systematically searched until April 2021. The search terms included 'exercise', 'inflammatory factor', 'IGF system' and 'breast cancer'. A total of 1066 relevant articles were retrieved. The articles were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, such as study population, intervention method and type of experiment, and 11 articles were ultimately included. All statistical results were analysed using STATA 14.0 and Rstudio 4.1.1. Results: We found that exercise significantly reduced the level of IGF-1 (WMD, -19.947 ng/ml; 95% CI, -22.669 to -17.225; P = 0.000). Subgroup analysis showed that in the studies with an intervention period > 12 weeks, exercise significantly reduced IL-6 levels (WMD, -0.761 pg/ml; 95% CI, -1.369 to -0.153; p = 0.014), while in the studies with an intervention period ≤ 12 weeks, exercise significantly reduced CRP (WMD, -2.381 mg/L; 95% CI, -4.835 to 0.073, P = 0.001) and IL-10 levels (WMD, -7.141 pg/ml, 95% CI, -10.853 to -3.428; P = 0.000). In addition, aerobic exercise plus resistance training significantly reduced IL-6 levels (WMD, -1.474 pg/ml; 95% CI, -1.653 to -1.296; P = 0.000). The results of the sensitivity analysis showed that after excluding the studies with high heterogeneity, exercise significantly reduced the TNF-α levels in patients with breast cancer (WMD, -1.399 pg/ml; 95% CI, -1.718 to -1.080; P = 0.000). Conclusion: Exercise reduces the postoperative levels of IGF-1, IL-6, CRP, IL-10 and TNF-α among patients with breast cancer, which may have a significant impact on inhibiting breast cancer recurrence and improving its prognosis. Future studies should examine the effects of different durations and types of exercise to develop individualized exercise prescriptions for breast cancer patients.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore the dose–response relationships of different dimensions of physical activity (intensity, time, frequency, capacity, and metabolic equivalent) with daily physical function (DPF) and cognitive function (CF) in Chinese adults with hypertension. Methods: The 6216 hypertensive patients included in this study were from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), which was conducted in 2015. Physical activity (PA) was divided into vigorous PA (VPA), moderate PA (MPA), and light PA (LPA). Linear regression models and binary logistic regression models were established to assess the associations with indicators. Results: Patients with VPA have a lower probability of impaired DPF; however, patients with VPA had lower CF scores. Patients with nearly all the aspects of MPA have lower rates of impaired DPF and higher CF scores (p < 0.05). Patients with LPA have a lower probability of impaired DPF and higher CF scores. In addition, patients with between 1800 and 2999 MET-minutes per week had the lowest rates of impaired DPF (OR = 0.10, 95% CI 0.02, 0.39) and the highest CF scores (β = 3.28, 95% CI 2.25, 4.31). Conclusions: This study found that patients with hypertension with moderate-intensity physical activity (nearly all aspects) and LPA had better DPF and CF. The best daily physical function and CF was with METs of 1800–2999 min per week. However, VPA should be recommended with caution in Chinese adults with hypertension.

Aerobic exercise is an important non‐pharmacological means of antitumor intervention, but related mechanisms are poorly understood. In this review, previous studies are summarized from the aspects of tumor oxygenation, autophagy versus apoptosis, and organismal immunity. Current findings on the antitumor effects of aerobic exercise involve AMPK signaling, PI3K/Akt signaling, Th1/Th2 cytokine balance related to immunity, PD‐1/PD‐L1 immunosuppressive signaling, and related cytokine pathways. Several directions for further research are proposed, including whether newly discovered subgroups of cytokines influence the effects of aerobic exercise on tumors, tailoring corresponding exercise prescriptions based on the bidirectional effects of certain cytokines at different stages, identifying the potential effects of exercise time and intensity, and elucidating details of the unclear mechanisms. Through the discussion of the existing data, we hope to provide new ideas for the future research of exercise therapy.

Background: To investigate the associations between different dimensions (intensity, frequency, duration, volume, metabolic equivalent) of physical activity (PA) and cognitive function, daily physical function in Chinese with heart disease. Methods: This study included 2792 individuals from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) conducted in 2015. PA was divided into vigorous PA (VPA), moderate PA (MPA), and light PA (LPA). Linear regression models and binary logistic regression models were established to assess the associations be-tween indicators respectively. Results: Compared with taking no PA, MPA and VPA with a frequency of 6-7 d/w had lower risks of impaired daily physical function (OR=0.47, 95%CI: 0.25, 0.91; OR= 0.57, 95%CI: 0.37, 0.88) and higher cognitive function scores (β=1.22, 95%CI: 0.42, 2.03; β=1.08, 95%CI: 0.43, 1.73), while VPA of 3-5 d/w had lower cognitive function scores (β=-1.96, 95%CI: -3.51, -0.40). LPA with a duration of 30-119 min/d had lower risks of impaired daily physical function (OR=0.59, 95%CI: 0.36, 0.97). MPA and VPA of 30-119 min/d had higher cognitive function scores (β=1.43, 95%CI: 0.49, 2.37; β=1.30, 95%CI: -0.56, 2.06). Lower cognitive function scores in volume of ≥ 300 min/w. (β=-1.18, 95%CI: -2.14, -0.23). 1800-8999 METs had lower risks of impaired daily physical function and higher cognitive function scores. 1800-2999 METs had lowest risks of impaired daily physical function and highest cognitive function scores. (OR=0.18, 95%CI: 0.04, 0.75; β=2.94, 95%CI: 1.67, 4.21). Conclusions: This study found that VPA are associated with lower cognition, MPA and LPA are beneficial to cognition and daily physical function.Trial registration: IRB00001052-11015.