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Objectives: To investigate the present occurrence of stunting and explore the role of iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) as a predictor of stunting among primary school children in the Aseer Region. Methods: In a cross-sectional investigation on school children in the Aseer region, thyroid enlargement was evaluated clinically. Urine was collected to evaluate iodine content. Results: The present study involved 3046 school-age pupils. The study disclosed a total goiter rate of 24.0% (95% CI: 22.5–25.5%). The median urinary iodine content (UIC) was 17.0 µg/L. A prevalence of stunting (height for age z score of less than −2) of 7.8% (95% CI: 6.9–8.8%) was found. In a logistic regression model, pupils having clinical goiter (aOR = 1.739; 95% CI: 1.222–2.475) and students having UIC of less than 17 µg/L (aOR = 1.934; 95% CI: 1.457–2.571) were considerably related with stunting. In the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, urinary iodine content to forecast stunting was good (AUC = 0.611, 95% CI: 0.594–0.629). The curve recognized the optimum cutoff point of urinary iodine content to be ≤19.0 µg/L. The sensitivity was 59.66% (95% CI: 53.1–66.0) and the specificity was 57.62% (95% CI: 55.8–59.5). Conclusion: The present study showed that stunting among school-aged children presents a mild public health problem. On the other hand, a severe iodine deficiency situation was revealed among school children in the Aseer region. Continuous monitoring of iodine status among school children is therefore necessary. Concerted interventions that blend nutrition-sensitive with nutrition-specific approaches are expected to influence decreasing stunting significantly.
Fuad Abbag; Saeed Abu-Eshy; Ahmed Mahfouz; Mohammed Alsaleem; Safar Alsaleem; Ayyub Patel; Tarek Mirdad; Ayed Shati; Nabil Awadalla. Iodine Deficiency Disorders as a Predictor of Stunting among Primary School Children in the Aseer Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021, 18, 7644 .
AMA StyleFuad Abbag, Saeed Abu-Eshy, Ahmed Mahfouz, Mohammed Alsaleem, Safar Alsaleem, Ayyub Patel, Tarek Mirdad, Ayed Shati, Nabil Awadalla. Iodine Deficiency Disorders as a Predictor of Stunting among Primary School Children in the Aseer Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18 (14):7644.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFuad Abbag; Saeed Abu-Eshy; Ahmed Mahfouz; Mohammed Alsaleem; Safar Alsaleem; Ayyub Patel; Tarek Mirdad; Ayed Shati; Nabil Awadalla. 2021. "Iodine Deficiency Disorders as a Predictor of Stunting among Primary School Children in the Aseer Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14: 7644.
E-Learning has proven to be the only resort as a replacement of traditional face-to-face learning methods in the current global lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic. Academic institutions across the globe have invested heavily into E-Learning and the majority of the courses offered in traditional classroom mode have been converted into E-Learning mode. The success of E-Learning initiatives needs to be ensured to make it a sustainable mode of learning. The objective of the current study is to propose a holistic E-Learning service framework to ensure effective delivery and use of E-Learning Services that contributes to sustainable learning and academic performance. Based on an extensive literature review, a proposed theoretical model has been developed and tested empirically. The model identifies a broad range of success determinants and relates them to different success measures, including learning and academic performance. The proposed model was validated with the response from 397 respondents involved with an E-Learning system in the top five public universities in the southern region of Saudi Arabia through the Partial Least Squares regression technique using SmartPLS software. Five main factors (Learner’s Quality, Instructor’s Quality, Information’s Quality, System’s Quality and Institutional Quality) were identified as a determinant of E-Learning service performance which together explains 48.7% of the variance of perceived usefulness of ELS, 71.2% of the variance of use of the E-Learning system. Perceived usefulness of ELS and use of ELS together explain 70.6% of learning and academic performance of students. Hence the framework will help achieve the sustainable and successful adoption of E-Learning services.
Mohammad Alam; Naim Ahmad; Quadri Naveed; Ayyub Patel; Mohammed Abohashrh; Mohammed Khaleel. E-Learning Services to Achieve Sustainable Learning and Academic Performance: An Empirical Study. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2653 .
AMA StyleMohammad Alam, Naim Ahmad, Quadri Naveed, Ayyub Patel, Mohammed Abohashrh, Mohammed Khaleel. E-Learning Services to Achieve Sustainable Learning and Academic Performance: An Empirical Study. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (5):2653.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMohammad Alam; Naim Ahmad; Quadri Naveed; Ayyub Patel; Mohammed Abohashrh; Mohammed Khaleel. 2021. "E-Learning Services to Achieve Sustainable Learning and Academic Performance: An Empirical Study." Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2653.
Background: Iodine, a micronutrient that plays a significant role in thyroid hormone synthesis, is essential for normal neurological development. Universal Salt Iodization is a plan advocated by the WHO to ensure sufficient iodine intake by all individuals. No accurate data was available about household coverage with iodized salt and salt iodization adequacy in the Aseer region, southwestern Saudi Arabia. Objectives: To estimate the proportion of households consuming iodized salt in the Aseer region, southwestern Saudi Arabia, and assess salt iodization’s adequacy. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study on a stratified proportional allocation sample. The household of each child was requested to bring a teaspoonful of table salt consumed in their kitchen. The salt samples were taken in standard, small, self-sealed plastic bags. The Iodine concentration of salt was determined spectrophotometrically. Results: The study included 3038 samples of table salt. Insufficient iodized table salt samples (less than 15 ppm based on the WHO/UNICEF ICCIDD classification) were observed in 22.3% (95% CI: 20.8% – 23.8%) of the samples. Similarly, insufficient iodized table salt samples (less than 70 ppm based on Saudi Standards, Metrology and Quality Organization “SASO” classification) were observed in 75.7% (95% CI: 74.1% – 77.2%) of the study samples. The present study showed that rural areas significantly had higher insufficient table salt samples than urban areas. Conclusions: The study showed that the use of insufficient iodized salt in the region is still common. The accessibility of iodized salt can be achieved through iodized salt’s marketing and sales. Authorities in the Aseer region should play an influential role in forbidding non-iodized salt in the local markets in the Aseer region. Key words: Iodine; Table salt; Saudi Arabia
Ayyub Ali Patel. Iodine in Table Salt in the Aseer Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia. World Family Medicine Journal /Middle East Journal of Family Medicine 2021, 19, 1 .
AMA StyleAyyub Ali Patel. Iodine in Table Salt in the Aseer Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia. World Family Medicine Journal /Middle East Journal of Family Medicine. 2021; 19 (2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAyyub Ali Patel. 2021. "Iodine in Table Salt in the Aseer Region, Southwestern Saudi Arabia." World Family Medicine Journal /Middle East Journal of Family Medicine 19, no. 2: 1.
Objectives: To predict the role of different clinical and biochemical parameters in identifying nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Abha city, southwestern Saudi Arabia. Methods: A stratified random sample was selected. A detailed clinical and biochemical examinations were performed. Using portable abdominal ultrasound examination, NAFLD was identified. The study used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results: The study covered 237 T2DM patients. NAFLD was detected among 174 patients. Area under the curve (AUC) calculations showed that the ability of age, duration of DM in years, and body mass index to predict NAFLD was poor (AUC < 0.6). Similarly, biochemical factors like HbA1c%, AST, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and VLDL were poor in discriminating between those with and without NAFLD among T2DM. On the other hand, the ability of ALT to predict NAFLD among T2DM was good (AUC = 0.701, 95% CI: 0.637–0.761). The analysis identified the optimal cutoff point of ALT to be ≤22.1 nmol/L. The corresponding sensitivity was 60.7% (95% CI: 53.0–68.0) and specificity was 62.5% (95% CI: 49.5–74.3). Conclusions: Early identification of NAFLD among T2DM is important. A threshold cutoff value of 22.1 nmol/L of ALT has been identified to predict NAFLD. They should be referred for ultrasound examination for NAFLD.
Suliman M. Al Humayed; Abdullah A. Al Sabaani; Ahmed A. Mahfouz; Nabil J. Awadalla; Mustafa Jafar Musa; Ayyub Patel. Clinical and Biochemical Predictors of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Primary Health Care Level in South Western Saudi Arabia. Diagnostics 2020, 10, 809 .
AMA StyleSuliman M. Al Humayed, Abdullah A. Al Sabaani, Ahmed A. Mahfouz, Nabil J. Awadalla, Mustafa Jafar Musa, Ayyub Patel. Clinical and Biochemical Predictors of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Primary Health Care Level in South Western Saudi Arabia. Diagnostics. 2020; 10 (10):809.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSuliman M. Al Humayed; Abdullah A. Al Sabaani; Ahmed A. Mahfouz; Nabil J. Awadalla; Mustafa Jafar Musa; Ayyub Patel. 2020. "Clinical and Biochemical Predictors of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Primary Health Care Level in South Western Saudi Arabia." Diagnostics 10, no. 10: 809.