The design of proxy techniques is an innovative tool to monitor the potentially toxic elements of pollution in road dust. This study evaluated the use of road dust color as a proxy methodology to identify samples contaminated with presumably contaminating elements. FRX determined the concentrations of Fe, Ti, Rb, Sr, Y, Cu, Zn, and Pb in eighty-five road dust samples. The appliance of the RGB system and the Munsell color cards identified five color groups of road dust samples. The discriminant analysis validated these groups by colorimetric indices and presumably contaminating elements. The “very dark gray” color of road dust contains the highest concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, and Y. The redness and saturation rates showed high correlations with presumably contaminating elements in “dark gray” and “very dark gray” color samples. The color of road dust, as a proxy technique, allows identifying samples contaminated with presumably contaminating elements.

Background: The Yucatan Peninsula is covered mainly by semi-humid forests associated with karstic zones. These landscapes show high rates of endemism, and although they are resilient ecosystems, climatic variations place them as highly susceptible areas to climate change. Objective: To identify environmental and anthropogenic risk factors in the semi-humid forests of the Yucatan Peninsula, and to evaluate the vulnerability to climate change of 25 forest species with economic importance in this region. Methodology: A multi-criteria analysis was carried out to rank edaphic and climatic variables, changes in potential distribution due to climate change, species density and growing rate. These variables were integrated into a matrix and each variable was valued from 0 to 4, weighted between parameters, the higher the value, the greater the susceptibility. Four percent of the species were classified into the high-risk susceptibility and 84 % as medium risk and the rest as low. These species have a low density per hectare, have a restricted distribution, are slow growing and are over shallow soils. Implications: Species that can develop in a wide range of environmental conditions and have rapid growth rates were less susceptible to the risk factors analyzed here. Conclusions: The greatest risk factor was due to the effect of climate change, followed by the proximity to the Caribbean coast and the type of soil, which suggests that more conservation actions for forest species are needed, which will also ensure the provision of environmental services to human populations.

Secondary succession in tropical forests is traditionally described as a linear process driven by time since disturbance. However, growing evidence suggests that recovery pathways depend strongly on historical and environmental contexts. We evaluated how disturbance legacies and edaphic constraints interact to shape successional trajectories in a tropical karst landscape of the Maya Forest, Mexico. We sampled 100 plots along a chronosequence, quantifying vegetation structure, floristic diversity, biomass (NDVI), disturbance legacies, and soil properties. Using unsupervised clustering (K-means) and multivariate ordination, we identified four contrasting ecological typologies that represent distinct successional states rather than transient stages. Our results show a pronounced dichotomy in vegetation dynamics following the abandonment of land-use practices: while some sites are experiencing diverse development due to positive forest legacies (Typology B), others remain stalled (Typology C), dominated by lianas, where biotic barriers inhibit tree regeneration despite decades of abandonment. Additionally, we documented an asynchronous recovery between floristic recovery and vertical development; in sites with edaphic constraints, forests reach high diversity and biomass but exhibit stunted growth (Typology D). This suggests that severe abiotic constraints—specifically high rockiness and shallow soils—limit the dominance of highly competitive species, thereby acting as a filter that maintains high levels of diversity despite structural limitations. Edaphic analysis confirmed that chemical fertility and physical constraints (rockiness and shallow depth) act as orthogonal filters. This explains the persistence of structurally constrained yet functionally mature forests as stable, edaphically determined outcomes. Overall, secondary succession in tropical karst is nonlinear and path-dependent, governed by a hierarchical filtering model where historical land use dictates community identity and physical substrate limits structural architecture. These findings highlight the need for trajectory-specific management and the abandonment of uniform expectations of forest recovery in karst landscapes.