Introduction: Despite advances in inclusive policies and social awareness, the participation of people with disabilities (PwD) in mainstream sports remains limited due to numerous barriers. This systematic review seeks to identify and critically analyse the main obstacles hindering equitable participation of PwD in conventional sports, while proposing evidence-based strategies to overcome these challenges.Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted on Web of Science and SCOPUS databases, covering studies published between 2000 and 2024. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 17 studies were selected for analysis.Results: The findings highlight major barriers, including insufficient training for coaches and sports club managers, negative and discriminatory attitudes, an entrenched ableist mindset, limited access to information, and a lack of accessible facilities. These factors collectively impede the active participation of PwD in sports.Discussion: To overcome these challenges, a coordinated approach is essential, encompassing attitude transformation, targeted training for sports personnel, the implementation of inclusive policies, economic incentives, and enhanced communication strategies. Additional recommendations include integrating universal design principles into sports facilities, establishing support networks and fostering a cultural shift in societal perceptions of disability. Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42024544589).

Background: Our aim was understanding and identifying the main performance factors involved in sport climbing. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using the Google Scholar, Dialnet, Scielo, and Redalyc databases. Results: After establishing the selection criteria, a total of 27 documents related to the subject of study were examined. A limited number of publications with scientific evidence related to performance factors in sport climbing were found, despite the rise of sport climbing following its inclusion in the Olympic Games in Tokyo 2020. The results have been organized based on different performance factors analyzed, such as strength, muscular endurance, psychological factors, etc. Key determinants in climbing performance, and thus those present in elite athletes, include improved climbing efficiency, greater ability to apply maximum force or finger and palm pressure resistance, and increased arm locking strength. Additionally, it has been observed that those who can apply higher and more consistent loads experience better muscle oxygenation and have greater flexibility and lateral foot reach. Conclusions: Climbing performance is the result of factors that can be enhanced through training. Therefore, further research is needed to understand the performance factors involved in this sports discipline and how to improve them.

Physical Education has had to evolve and change throughout history to adapt to the demands of society. As a result, teachers have had to seek pedagogical alternatives to ensure that students are active, motivated, and engaged in the classroom. This approach allows for the development of motor, cognitive, and socio-emotional skills in students, ultimately contributing to the holistic development of the individual, which is the primary goal of education. Out of this intrinsic need for Physical Education, Alternative Sports have emerged, providing opportunities for different types of learning compared to more traditional sports. Cornerball, a hybrid between split-court and wall-based sports, played in a somewhat unique playing area—a 90° corner, is introduced with the aim of offering a new Alternative Sport. The objective of this descriptive study is to present a new pedagogical proposal designed for the educational context, highlighting its characteristics and fundamental aspects to consider, such as rules, the playing field, participants, and methodological strategies for its implementation within a Physical Education classroom. Therefore, the aims and purposes of this work are to describe a new sports game so that in the future, more detailed and specific empirical studies can be proposed.

Over the past decade, a growing body of evidence has highlighted the positive impact of full and equal participation in sport on the quality of life (QoL) of people with intellectual disabilities (IDs). However, access to mainstream sports remains limited due to persistent barriers, which leads to low participation levels among people with IDs. In this context, the Mixed Ability (MA) model offers an innovative approach by promoting the inclusion of people with and without disabilities in the same mainstream teams, without classification processes or modifications to the rules of the sport. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the relationship between rugby MA and the QoL and the needs of players with IDs. Using a convergent mixed methods design, the quantitative aspect involved 46 participants aged 18–57, engaged in eight different rugby teams, while the qualitative component included a focus group with four ID players from a rugby team. The findings revealed a positive correlation between higher QoL and the duration of participation in mainstream sports among the participants. Furthermore, a positive trend was also observed among individuals with moderate and severe intellectual disabilities. Qualitatively, participants highlighted the model’s emphasis on inclusivity, familial bonds, enjoyment, community spirit, active engagement, and opportunities to experience new activities. The shift towards inclusion requires modifying the community so that every person has opportunities to lead a valuable, meaningful, and self-determined life. In this sense, the MA sports model emerges as a potent instrument for fostering inclusive communities and enhancing the QoL of people with IDs.

The main objective of this study was to analyse the relationship between the performance in a maximum incremental test for lifeguards, the IPTL, and the effectiveness of a 200 m water rescue on the beach. Initially, 20 professional lifeguards carried out the IPTL in the pool and then they performed a 200 m water rescue on the beach. The maximum oxygen uptake (VO_2max) in the IPTL was estimated. In both tests, heart rate (HR), blood lactate (La) and time achieved were measured. The VO_2max estimated in the IPTL (VO_2IPTL) was 44.2 ± 4.7 mL·kg·min⁻¹, the time reached in the IPTL (Time_IPTL) was 726 ± 72 s and the time spent in the rescue (Time_Rescue) was 222 ± 14 s. The results showed that the time reached in the pool (Time_IPTL) was the best predictor variable of the performance in water rescue (Time_Rescue) (R² = 0.59; p < 0.01). A significant correlation was also observed between the estimated maximum oxygen uptake and the beach rescue performance (R² = 0.37; p = 0.05). These results reveal that the IPTL, a maximum incremental test specific to lifeguards, allows the estimation of the effectiveness of a 200 m rescue on the beach.

Los deportes alternativos han demostrado mejorar la motivación y participación del alumnado, fomentar la inclusión, valores de cooperación y hábitos de vida saludables. En este estudio se analiza la preferencia del alumnado de 3º ESO entre el Voleibol, un deporte tradicional, y el Pinfuvote, uno alternativo. Se realizaron ocho sesiones con actividades y competiciones de ambos deportes y se evaluó la participación y el disfrute de los participantes con un cuestionario de 20 ítems. Los resultados mostraron que los estudiantes prefieren el Pinfuvote sobre el Voleibol en términos de disfrute general y participación, destacando un incremento más elevado entre las chicas. Este hallazgo sugiere que los deportes alternativos como el Pinfuvote pueden incrementar la motivación y participación en las clases de Educación Física, ofreciendo una experiencia más inclusiva y satisfactoria para todos los estudiantes. Palabras clave: Deporte; Disfrute; Educación Física, Motivación, Participación Alternative sports have proven to enhance student motivation and participation, promote inclusion, cooperation values, and healthy lifestyle habits. This study examines the preference of 3º ESO students between Volleyball, a traditional sport, and Pinfuvote, an alternative one. Eight sessions were conducted with activities and competitions for both sports, and the participation and enjoyment of the participants were assessed using a 20-item questionnaire. The results showed that students prefer Pinfuvote over Volleyball in terms of overall enjoyment and participation, with a higher increase noted among girls. This finding suggests that alternative sports like Pinfuvote can boost motivation and participation in Physical Education classes, providing a more inclusive and satisfying experience for all students. Keywords: Sport; Enjoyment; Physical Education; Motivation; Participation