This article reviews the recent research on the effect of micro- and nanomodified surfaces and coatings on heat-transfer enhancement and critical heat fluxes (CHFs) at boiling. The first part contains a detailed review of papers devoted to investigation of boiling heat transfer and crisis phenomena in nanofluids. The interest in this field is caused by a significant increase in the CHF value at boiling of nanofluid due to the sedimentation of nanoparticles and altered wettability and porosity of heat-releasing surfaces. Possible mechanisms of the increase in CHF and the main disadvantages of using nanofluids in practical applications are discussed. The second part is devoted to various techniques that are used to create micro- and nanostructured heat-exchange surfaces and to research the effect of modified heaters on boiling performance.