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Anil Kizha
School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA

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Journal article
Published: 08 July 2021 in Sustainability
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A major component of sustainable forest management are the stands left behind after the logging operation. Large mechanized harvesting equipment involved in current forest management can inflict damage on residual trees; and can pose a risk of mortality from diseases, natural calamities, and/or degrade future economic value. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the residual stand damage under different harvesting methods and silvicultural prescriptions i.e., crop tree release (CTR), diameter limit cut (DLC), and overstory removal (OSR). The second objective was to evaluate the intensity and frequency of damage occurring on the bole, canopy, and root at tree and stand level. The third objective was to document strategies adopted globally to minimize stand damage due to timber harvesting. Five harvest blocks implementing three silvicultural prescriptions, were selected as the treatments across two different industrial timberlands in central and northern Maine (Study Site (SS) I and II, respectively). A hybrid cut-to-length (Hyb CTL) and whole-tree (WT) harvesting method were employed for conducting the harvest in SS I and II, respectively. Systematic transect sampling was employed to collect information on type, frequency, and intensity of damages. The inventory captured 41 and 8 damaged trees per hectare with 62 and 22 damages per hectare from SS I and SS II respectively. Bole damage was the most frequent damage across all treatments. The Hyb CTL had lower damage density (damage per ha) and severity compared to WT. The average number of trees damaged per ha was higher for CTR prescriptions compared to DLC. There were no significant differences in the height of the damages from the ground level between treatments within each study site; however, there was a significant difference between the study sites. Species damaged was directly related to the residual trees left behind and was dominated by American beech, yellow birch, sugar maple, and eastern hemlock. Finally, the study provides strategies that can be adopted at different forest managerial phases to mitigate residual stand damage.

ACS Style

Anil Kizha; Evan Nahor; Noah Coogen; Libin Louis; Alex George. Residual Stand Damage under Different Harvesting Methods and Mitigation Strategies. Sustainability 2021, 13, 7641 .

AMA Style

Anil Kizha, Evan Nahor, Noah Coogen, Libin Louis, Alex George. Residual Stand Damage under Different Harvesting Methods and Mitigation Strategies. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (14):7641.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anil Kizha; Evan Nahor; Noah Coogen; Libin Louis; Alex George. 2021. "Residual Stand Damage under Different Harvesting Methods and Mitigation Strategies." Sustainability 13, no. 14: 7641.

Journal article
Published: 14 May 2021 in Croatian journal of forest engineering
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As mechanization increases, the percentage of the total cost of the logging operation due to equipment purchase and operation increases. This makes assumptions about machine life, machine maintenance costs, and fuel consumption more critical in understanding the costs of logging operations. For many years machine rate calculations have followed a fixed format based on the concept of scheduled and productive machine hours. When equipment utilization is less than 100%, the traditional machine rate calculation assumes that the machine continues to depreciate and machine wear occurs during the non-productive time at the same rate as during the productive time. This can lead to overestimates of the hourly cost of machine operation by effectively shortening the machine lifetime productive hours as the utilization decreases. The use of inflated machine rates can distort comparisons of logging systems, logging strategies, equipment replacement strategies, and perhaps the viability of a logging operation. We propose adjusting the life of the machine to account for non-productive time: machine life in years should be increased with a decrease in machine utilization, while cumulative machine life in hours remains the same. Once the life has been adjusted, the traditional machine rate calculation procedure can be carried out as is normally done. We provided an example that shows the traditional method at 50% utilization yielded a machine rate per productive hour nearly 30% higher than our modified method. Our sample analysis showed the traditional method consistently provided overestimates for any utilization rate less than 100%, with lower utilization rates yielding progressively increasing overestimates. We believe that our modified approach yields more accurate estimates of machine costs that would contribute to an improved understanding of the machine costs of forest operations.

ACS Style

John Sessions; Michael Berry; Han Sup-Han. Machine Rate Estimates and Equipment Utilization. Croatian journal of forest engineering 2021, 42, 1 .

AMA Style

John Sessions, Michael Berry, Han Sup-Han. Machine Rate Estimates and Equipment Utilization. Croatian journal of forest engineering. 2021; 42 (3):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John Sessions; Michael Berry; Han Sup-Han. 2021. "Machine Rate Estimates and Equipment Utilization." Croatian journal of forest engineering 42, no. 3: 1.

Research article
Published: 12 February 2021 in International Journal of Forest Engineering
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Harvesting woody biomass, often considered a by-product, poses a major challenge in terms of low operational productivity and revenue. However, woody biomass (branches, treetops, and small-diameter trees or SDT) is gaining global attention for its multifaceted uses in soil reclamation, renewable energy production, and carbon offsetting. The operational cost of harvesting woody biomass is a crucial factor influencing the economic feasibility of harvesting and can fluctuate substantially depending on the cost apportioning method used. The objectives of this study were 1) to estimate the cost of producing pulpwood chips from SDT; 2) to examine the factors influencing cost and productivity of whole-tree (WT) and hybrid cut-to-length (Hyb-CTL) treatments; and 3) to compare and estimate the cost of producing sawlog and chips from hardwood pulp with two cost apportioning methods. The total harvesting cost was 53% higher in Hyb-CTL (US$ 17.30 m−3) than that of WT (US$ 11.30 m−3). The cost of producing wood chips from hardwood pulp as a by-product (US$ 3.07 m−3) was half of the cost calculated using the joint-products allocation method (US$ 7.65 m−3). The cost of producing wood chips utilizing exclusive product allocation (US$ 47.53 m−3) was four times the cost of producing sawlogs (US$ 11.23 m−3). This study provides working values that can enable timberland managers and operational foresters to evaluate the cost of harvesting woody biomass under different market conditions (i.e., demand for woody biomass). This study can also aid managerial decisions regarding silvicultural prescriptions and to help efficiently manage stands that have large proportions of SDT.

ACS Style

Libin T. Louis; Anil Raj Kizha. Wood biomass recovery cost under different harvesting methods and market conditions. International Journal of Forest Engineering 2021, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Libin T. Louis, Anil Raj Kizha. Wood biomass recovery cost under different harvesting methods and market conditions. International Journal of Forest Engineering. 2021; ():1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Libin T. Louis; Anil Raj Kizha. 2021. "Wood biomass recovery cost under different harvesting methods and market conditions." International Journal of Forest Engineering , no. : 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 27 July 2020 in Croatian journal of forest engineering
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This paper offers a conceptual analysis of the unaccounted-for cost of owning and operating used machines from an operational, financial and market perspective. It is based on input from experts and a literature review. In the scientific literature, assessing the operating cost of used machines in forest operations is typically based on standard cost assessment methods using costing/pricing input from similar unused machines. This is the case since there are usually no historical data for observed used machines available to analyze. This substitute analysis is problematic to many used and depreciated machines owners. The changing trends in forest technology attest that old machinery do not hold to the same input cost data variables or values of new machines. In fact, they belong to two rather competing different markets: (used vs. new equipment markets). With the technological, market and machinery regulations and dynamic changes, the substitute cost analysis is not representative. Better data is required to understand the cost of owning and operating used machines and the justification is the focal point of this paper. The outcome of the expert and literature analysis in this paper demonstrates that a broader understanding of the cost of a used machine is required and doable. A proposed understanding integrates the machine availability (performance), cost factors (financial) and market evaluation (price), in isolation (single piece of machine) as well as in a fleet, to assess a used machine ownership cost. The study is intended to offer forest machine operators, owners, scientists, and practitioners a proposed new approach to value used machines and further investigations and data inputs required to make used machines costing methods more relevant.

ACS Style

Dalia Abbas; Fulvio Di Fulvio; Enrico Marchi; Raffaele Spinelli; Mike Schmidt; Ted Bilek; Han Sup-Han. A Proposal for an Integrated Methodological and Scientific Approach to Cost Used Forestry Machines. Croatian journal of forest engineering 2020, 42, 63 -75.

AMA Style

Dalia Abbas, Fulvio Di Fulvio, Enrico Marchi, Raffaele Spinelli, Mike Schmidt, Ted Bilek, Han Sup-Han. A Proposal for an Integrated Methodological and Scientific Approach to Cost Used Forestry Machines. Croatian journal of forest engineering. 2020; 42 (1):63-75.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dalia Abbas; Fulvio Di Fulvio; Enrico Marchi; Raffaele Spinelli; Mike Schmidt; Ted Bilek; Han Sup-Han. 2020. "A Proposal for an Integrated Methodological and Scientific Approach to Cost Used Forestry Machines." Croatian journal of forest engineering 42, no. 1: 63-75.

Journal article
Published: 28 March 2020 in Forests
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The balance of production activities at the landing is pivotal to the success of any forest harvesting operation and has a direct impact on the cost and efficiency of the enterprise. The primary objective of this study was to understand the operational characteristics of the loader in a hot operation (handling both sawlog and biomass components concurrently) and cold operation (handling biomass and sawlogs separately) for harvesting sawlogs and biomass. Systematic work sampling techniques were employed to obtain “snapshots” of the loader activities for a cable logging operation, including the interaction of the loader with other operational phases and delay time for both hot and cold configurations. The results show that for hot loading at the landing, the yarder was the most utilized machine (85%), and was the bottleneck of the operation, followed by the loader (70%). In the hot loading configuration, 39% of operational delay during truck loading was caused by the loader and was predominantly due to movement of the loader within or between the landings. This was followed by the yarder (19%, due to rigging activities) and the chaser (15%, to maintain the crews’ safety). In the cold loading configuration, delays due to the unavailability of roll-off bins constituted up to 77% of the operational delay. This suggests that the number of bins and trucks hauling biomass has a crucial role in the overall efficiency of the biomass harvesting system, and should be well balanced with loading capacity. Additionally, the choice of hot or cold biomass loading operations is highly dependent on the site and operating conditions.

ACS Style

Anil Raj Kizha; Han-Sup Han; Nathaniel Anderson; Anil Koirala; Libin T. Louis. Comparing Hot and Cold Loading in an Integrated Biomass Recovery Operation. Forests 2020, 11, 385 .

AMA Style

Anil Raj Kizha, Han-Sup Han, Nathaniel Anderson, Anil Koirala, Libin T. Louis. Comparing Hot and Cold Loading in an Integrated Biomass Recovery Operation. Forests. 2020; 11 (4):385.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anil Raj Kizha; Han-Sup Han; Nathaniel Anderson; Anil Koirala; Libin T. Louis. 2020. "Comparing Hot and Cold Loading in an Integrated Biomass Recovery Operation." Forests 11, no. 4: 385.

Review
Published: 23 August 2019 in Forests
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Research highlights: Through a broad review of literature and practices, this paper has helped confirm Forest Engineering as a unique discipline by providing definition, highlighting achievements of the last decade and suggesting future directions. Background and Objectives: Forest Engineering is a study program offered by many universities worldwide. It is also the main subject of three international scientific journals, three important scientific conferences and a division of the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations. That points at a strong interest, a general common understanding and a strong local diversification. The paper aims to suggest generally valid definitions, while offering a description of the main achievements and a hypothesis about future directions. Results: The review identified examples that include higher-level mechanization, commencement of automation and system optimization, and specifically the emerging field of biomass and bioenergy integration as examples of major forest engineering achievements of the last decade. Higher levels of automation including autonomous machine operation, and integration of intelligent and linked technology are examples of future directions. Conclusions: As with other disciplines, most Forest Engineering teaching, research or applications are multi-disciplinary. However, the review has highlighted specific achievements and future directions that helps define Forest Engineering as a unique discipline and one that can make a major contribution to the broader field of forest management practices.

ACS Style

Raffaele Spinelli; Rien Visser; Han-Sup Han. A Decade of Forest Engineering: Achievements and Future Directions. Forests 2019, 10, 724 .

AMA Style

Raffaele Spinelli, Rien Visser, Han-Sup Han. A Decade of Forest Engineering: Achievements and Future Directions. Forests. 2019; 10 (9):724.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raffaele Spinelli; Rien Visser; Han-Sup Han. 2019. "A Decade of Forest Engineering: Achievements and Future Directions." Forests 10, no. 9: 724.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2019 in Logistics
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Economic potential of feedstock generated low-valued forest residue can be enhanced by emerging biomass conversion technologies (BCT), such as torrefaction, briquetting, and gasification. However, for implementing these emerging processes within the woods, several hurdles are to be overcome, among which a balanced supply chain is pivotal. Centralized biomass recovery operation (CBRO) could be an economically viable solution in accessing harvesting sites and allows integration of BCT into forest management. The goal of this study was to examine the logistic effects of integrating a BCT into a CBRO, under different in-wood scenarios based on variations in travel time between the facility locations, amount of raw materials handled, intermediate storage capacity, and duration (number of days) of annual operations. Specific objectives included analyzing the effects of forest residue recoverability (BDMT, bone dry metric ton/ha), total transportation time from the harvest unit to the market, and the annual number of in-woods production sites on the overall efficiency of the BCT operations. Concurrently, this study examined the forest managerial impacts due to such an integration. Location-allocation tool (maximize market share problem type) within the ArcGIS Network Analyst platform was utilized to model the scenarios and generate one-way travel times from the harvest site to final markets. Results from geospatial analysis showed that there were 89–159 and 64–136 suitable locations for the BCT for logistics model (LM) I and II, respectively. Total one-way travel time for all the models ranged between 1.0–1.7 h. Additionally, the annual numbers of BCT sites was inversely proportional to the total one-way travel time (i.e., harvest unit to market). Arranging CBRO and BCT operations to occur at the same in-woods site returned shorter total and average travel times than arranging the two activities at separate in-woods sites. The model developed for this study can be used by forest managers and entrepreneurs to identify sites for placing BCTs in the forest that minimizes transportation times.

ACS Style

Jeffrey Paulson; Anil Kizha; Han-Sup Han. Integrating Biomass Conversion Technologies with Recovery Operations In-Woods: Modeling Supply Chain. Logistics 2019, 3, 16 .

AMA Style

Jeffrey Paulson, Anil Kizha, Han-Sup Han. Integrating Biomass Conversion Technologies with Recovery Operations In-Woods: Modeling Supply Chain. Logistics. 2019; 3 (3):16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jeffrey Paulson; Anil Kizha; Han-Sup Han. 2019. "Integrating Biomass Conversion Technologies with Recovery Operations In-Woods: Modeling Supply Chain." Logistics 3, no. 3: 16.

Articles
Published: 02 January 2019 in International Journal of Forest Engineering
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Rising costs of forest operations and decreasing revenue generated from harvesting are becoming critical challenges in forest management throughout the Northeastern US. Along with this, the low markets for comminuted forest residues and stricter policies on environmental protection have prompted utilization of these materials as slash mats on skid trails for minimizing soil disturbances. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cost of different silvicultural treatments and utilization of forest residues generated from a mechanized timber harvesting operation for implementing Best Management Practices (BMPs). The field-based experiment was done in central Maine, where four forest stands were managed at varying intensities following silvicultural prescriptions common to the region (partial harvest (PH) and clear-cut (CC) treatments). Variables measured included delay-free cycle times of various timber harvesting machines, predictor variables, and stand features. The total cost of PH was higher than that of CC ($22.94 m−3 versus $14.88 m−3). Of the various operational phases, the costs associated with skidding was the highest and ranged from 52 to 70% of the total cost for PH and CC, respectively. The cost of BMP implementation was estimated to be between $10 and $52 PMH−1 or $1.0 and $3.7 m−3, and was influenced by several factors, including machine maneuverability and the extent of area which demanded BMP implementation. This information on the cost and productivity for timber harvesting operations, along with BMP implementation, will support the development of economic and environmentally sustainable harvesting strategies.

ACS Style

Harikrishnan Soman; Anil Raj Kizha; Brian Edward Roth. Impacts of silvicultural prescriptions and implementation of best management practices on timber harvesting costs. International Journal of Forest Engineering 2019, 30, 14 -25.

AMA Style

Harikrishnan Soman, Anil Raj Kizha, Brian Edward Roth. Impacts of silvicultural prescriptions and implementation of best management practices on timber harvesting costs. International Journal of Forest Engineering. 2019; 30 (1):14-25.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Harikrishnan Soman; Anil Raj Kizha; Brian Edward Roth. 2019. "Impacts of silvicultural prescriptions and implementation of best management practices on timber harvesting costs." International Journal of Forest Engineering 30, no. 1: 14-25.

Review
Published: 10 July 2018 in Forests
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Secondary transportation of raw and comminuted forest products is a major component in forest harvesting operations in terms of economics, public perception, and safety. Consequently, there is a substantial amount of literature on this topic. The existing literature has dealt with many of the technical aspects of transportation with a majority of them focusing on improving supply chain issues; however, there are only few specific to secondary transportation issues in general. This annotated bibliography will help practitioners, researchers, and stakeholders gain a better understanding of the existing literature from 2000 to 2015. To this end, we began by classifying the selected literature into six themes: cost, roads and routes, trucking, efficiency and safety, other modes of transportation, and supply chain and optimization. Woody biomass for bioenergy production was the most researched forest product with respect to transportation. About one-third of the articles were presented in the context of supply chain modeling and optimization. More than half of the studies originated from Europe while the United States had the most publications for any given country. Most articles (16) were published in 2013. Biomass and Bioenergy published the highest number of articles (29) during the timeframe.

ACS Style

Anil Koirala; Anil Raj Kizha; Cornelis F. De Hoop; Brian E. Roth; Han-Sup Han; Patrick Hiesl; Dalia Abbas; Shuva Gautam; Srijana Baral; Steve Bick; KamalaKanta Sahoo. Annotated Bibliography of the Global Literature on the Secondary Transportation of Raw and Comminuted Forest Products (2000–2015). Forests 2018, 9, 415 .

AMA Style

Anil Koirala, Anil Raj Kizha, Cornelis F. De Hoop, Brian E. Roth, Han-Sup Han, Patrick Hiesl, Dalia Abbas, Shuva Gautam, Srijana Baral, Steve Bick, KamalaKanta Sahoo. Annotated Bibliography of the Global Literature on the Secondary Transportation of Raw and Comminuted Forest Products (2000–2015). Forests. 2018; 9 (7):415.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anil Koirala; Anil Raj Kizha; Cornelis F. De Hoop; Brian E. Roth; Han-Sup Han; Patrick Hiesl; Dalia Abbas; Shuva Gautam; Srijana Baral; Steve Bick; KamalaKanta Sahoo. 2018. "Annotated Bibliography of the Global Literature on the Secondary Transportation of Raw and Comminuted Forest Products (2000–2015)." Forests 9, no. 7: 415.

Journal article
Published: 13 June 2018 in Forests
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A cut-to-length (CTL) harvest system using a harvester and forwarder has been recently introduced in northern California (USA) for thinning young (<25 years old) redwood forests (Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.). However, the severity of CTL damage to residual trees in this forest type are unknown. The goals of this study were to (1) determine the location, size, and number of scars resulting from CTL harvesting and (2) compare scar size differences between redwood clumps and individual trees in two units. Most scars occurred on trees located near the forwarding trails. Wider and longer scars were associated with clumped trees (9.1–12.2 cm wide and 28.1–46.2 cm long) as compared to scars on individual trees (8.1–9.5 cm wide and 16.7–31.3 cm long), and 16–32% of the residual trees were scarred. Determining a minimum scar size will define the severity of stand damage; larger scars result in a longer time until closure. However, counting all the smaller scars that result from CTL harvesting will result in a large number of counted damaged trees. Therefore, we suggest that scars smaller than 5–10 cm width are acceptable on coastal redwood after CTL thinning.

ACS Style

Kyungrok Hwang; Han-Sup Han; Susan E. Marshall; Deborah S. Page-Dumroese. Amount and Location of Damage to Residual Trees from Cut-to-Length Thinning Operations in a Young Redwood Forest in Northern California. Forests 2018, 9, 352 .

AMA Style

Kyungrok Hwang, Han-Sup Han, Susan E. Marshall, Deborah S. Page-Dumroese. Amount and Location of Damage to Residual Trees from Cut-to-Length Thinning Operations in a Young Redwood Forest in Northern California. Forests. 2018; 9 (6):352.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kyungrok Hwang; Han-Sup Han; Susan E. Marshall; Deborah S. Page-Dumroese. 2018. "Amount and Location of Damage to Residual Trees from Cut-to-Length Thinning Operations in a Young Redwood Forest in Northern California." Forests 9, no. 6: 352.

Preprint
Published: 12 June 2018
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Secondary transportation of raw and comminuted forest products is a major component in forest harvesting operations in terms of economics, public perception, and safety. Consequently, there is a substantial amount of literature on this topic. The existing literature has dealt with many of the technical aspects of transportation with a majority of them focusing on improving supply chain issues; However, there are only few specific to secondary transportation issues in general. This annotated bibliography will help practitioners, researchers, and stakeholders gain a better understanding of the existing literature from 2000 to 2015. To this end, we began by classifying the selected literature into six themes: cost, roads and routes, trucking, efficiency & safety, other modes of transportation, and supply chain & optimization. Woody biomass for bioenergy production was the most researched forest product with respect to transportation. About one-third of the articles were presented in the context of supply chain modeling and optimization. More than half of the studies originated from Europe while the United States had the most publications for any given country. The most articles (16) were published in 2013. Biomass and Bioenergy published the highest number of articles (29) during the timeframe.

ACS Style

Anil Koirala; Anil Raj Kizha; Cornelis F. De Hoop; Brian Edward Roth; Han-Sup Han; Patrick Heisl; Dalia Abbas; Shuva Gautam; Srijana Baral; Steve Bick; KamalaKanta Sahoo. Annotated Bibliography of the Global Literature on Secondary Transportation of Raw and Comminuted Forest Products (2000 – 2015). 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Anil Koirala, Anil Raj Kizha, Cornelis F. De Hoop, Brian Edward Roth, Han-Sup Han, Patrick Heisl, Dalia Abbas, Shuva Gautam, Srijana Baral, Steve Bick, KamalaKanta Sahoo. Annotated Bibliography of the Global Literature on Secondary Transportation of Raw and Comminuted Forest Products (2000 – 2015). . 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anil Koirala; Anil Raj Kizha; Cornelis F. De Hoop; Brian Edward Roth; Han-Sup Han; Patrick Heisl; Dalia Abbas; Shuva Gautam; Srijana Baral; Steve Bick; KamalaKanta Sahoo. 2018. "Annotated Bibliography of the Global Literature on Secondary Transportation of Raw and Comminuted Forest Products (2000 – 2015)." , no. : 1.

Review
Published: 11 May 2018 in Forests
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Many socioeconomic constraints exist for biomass removals from federal lands in the western U.S. We examine several issues of importance, including biomass supply chains and harvesting costs, innovative new uses for bioenergy products, and the policy framework in place to provide incentives for biomass use. Western states vary greatly in the extent and utilization of forest resources, the proportion of land under federal ownership, and community and stakeholder structure and dynamics. Our research—which focused on the socioeconomic factors associated with biomass removal, production, and use—identified several important trends. Long-term stewardship projects could play a role in influencing project economics while being conducive to private investment. State policies are likely to help guide the growth of biomass utilization for energy products. New markets and technologies, such as biofuels, for use in the aviation industry, torrefied wood, mobile pyrolysis, and wood coal cofiring could greatly change the landscape of biomass use. Social needs of residents in wildland urban interfaces will play an important role, especially in an era of megafires. All of these trends—including significant unknowns, like the volatile prices of fossil energy—are likely to affect the economics of biomass removal and use in western forests.

ACS Style

David L. Nicholls; Jeffrey M. Halbrook; Michelle E. Benedum; Han-Sup Han; Eini C. Lowell; Dennis R. Becker; R. James Barbour. Socioeconomic Constraints to Biomass Removal from Forest Lands for Fire Risk Reduction in the Western U.S. Forests 2018, 9, 264 .

AMA Style

David L. Nicholls, Jeffrey M. Halbrook, Michelle E. Benedum, Han-Sup Han, Eini C. Lowell, Dennis R. Becker, R. James Barbour. Socioeconomic Constraints to Biomass Removal from Forest Lands for Fire Risk Reduction in the Western U.S. Forests. 2018; 9 (5):264.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David L. Nicholls; Jeffrey M. Halbrook; Michelle E. Benedum; Han-Sup Han; Eini C. Lowell; Dennis R. Becker; R. James Barbour. 2018. "Socioeconomic Constraints to Biomass Removal from Forest Lands for Fire Risk Reduction in the Western U.S." Forests 9, no. 5: 264.

Journal article
Published: 12 November 2017 in Forests
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With recently announced federal funding and subsidies to redevelop vacant mills and the communities they were in, the forest products industry in Maine is poised to gain its momentum once again. One of the important components influencing the cost of delivered forest products is transportation. A recent study in the region has shown that the location and availability of markets along with lack of skilled labor force are the major challenges faced by the forest products transportation sector in Maine. This study was focused on developing a management guideline which included various field level options for improving trucking enterprises in Maine. For this, a qualitative research approach utilizing a case study research tradition was employed, with in-depth semi-structured interviews with professionals directly related to the forest products transportation sector used for data generation. Thirteen semi-structured interviews were conducted, with each being audio recorded and later transcribed verbatim. Interview transcriptions were analyzed using NVivo 11. Suggestions, like increasing benefits to drivers and providing training, were proposed for challenges related to manpower shortage, while the marketing of new forest products and adjustment in some state-level policies were proposed for challenges related to the forest products market condition of the state.

ACS Style

Anil Koirala; Anil Raj Kizha; Sandra M. De Urioste-Stone. Policy Recommendation from Stakeholders to Improve Forest Products Transportation: A Qualitative Study. Forests 2017, 8, 434 .

AMA Style

Anil Koirala, Anil Raj Kizha, Sandra M. De Urioste-Stone. Policy Recommendation from Stakeholders to Improve Forest Products Transportation: A Qualitative Study. Forests. 2017; 8 (11):434.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anil Koirala; Anil Raj Kizha; Sandra M. De Urioste-Stone. 2017. "Policy Recommendation from Stakeholders to Improve Forest Products Transportation: A Qualitative Study." Forests 8, no. 11: 434.

Journal article
Published: 28 September 2017 in Forests
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Determining the optimal timing and type of entry in mid-rotation, unthinned stands can be complicated by a variety of economic and biological factors. In this analysis, long-term data from the Commercial Thinning Research Network was used to project spruce-fir (Picea spp.—Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) stand growth on six different sites across Maine following six alternative thinning treatments (33% and 50% relative density removal paired with low, crown, and dominant thinning methods). Results showed that the low-thinning treatment performed best in terms of maximum net present value, stand age at time of maximum net present value, and average merchantable stem size. Although the low-thinning resulted in a 10% mean reduction in maximum net present value when compared to the control, the average merchantable stem size more than doubled. Overall, results of this analysis indicate that it may be financially responsible to commercially thin these stands using a low-thinning method and a light removal intensity, as the average merchantable stems size was increased and a mid-rotation financial return provided.

ACS Style

Patrick Hiesl; Mindy S. Crandall; Aaron R. Weiskittel; Anil R. Kizha. Assessing Alternative Silvicultural Prescriptions for Mid-Rotation, Unthinned, Spruce-Fir Stands in Maine. Forests 2017, 8, 370 .

AMA Style

Patrick Hiesl, Mindy S. Crandall, Aaron R. Weiskittel, Anil R. Kizha. Assessing Alternative Silvicultural Prescriptions for Mid-Rotation, Unthinned, Spruce-Fir Stands in Maine. Forests. 2017; 8 (10):370.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patrick Hiesl; Mindy S. Crandall; Aaron R. Weiskittel; Anil R. Kizha. 2017. "Assessing Alternative Silvicultural Prescriptions for Mid-Rotation, Unthinned, Spruce-Fir Stands in Maine." Forests 8, no. 10: 370.

Journal article
Published: 16 August 2017 in Forests
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We measured soil heating and subsequent changes in soil properties between two forest residue disposal methods: slash pile burning (SPB) and air curtain burner (ACB). The ACB consumes fuels more efficiently and safely via blowing air into a burning container. Five burning trials with different fuel sizes were implemented in northern California, USA. Soil temperature was measured at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 cm depth. Immediately after burning, soil samples from two depths (0–10 and 10–20 cm) and ash samples were collected for analyzing organic matter; carbon and nitrogen content; and calcium, magnesium, and potassium concentrations. The highest temperature observed was 389 °C at 1 cm depth under the SPB. Mean peak temperatures were 133.2 °C and 162.2 °C for ACB and SPB, respectively. However, there were no significant differences in peak temperatures and duration of lethal soil temperatures (total minutes over 60 °C) between ACB and SPB. Heat transfer decreased rapidly as the soil depth increased. There is little evidence that any subsequent changes in soil chemical properties occurred, concluding that these small-scale burns had few negative impacts at our study site. Therefore, given the lack of extreme soil heating and more efficient and safer woody residue reduction, the ACB may be more effective than open SPB, especially where fire escape or long-term fire damage to soils are of concern.

ACS Style

Woongsoon Jang; Deborah S. Page-Dumroese; Han-Sup Han. Comparison of Heat Transfer and Soil Impacts of Air Curtain Burner Burning and Slash Pile Burning. Forests 2017, 8, 297 .

AMA Style

Woongsoon Jang, Deborah S. Page-Dumroese, Han-Sup Han. Comparison of Heat Transfer and Soil Impacts of Air Curtain Burner Burning and Slash Pile Burning. Forests. 2017; 8 (8):297.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Woongsoon Jang; Deborah S. Page-Dumroese; Han-Sup Han. 2017. "Comparison of Heat Transfer and Soil Impacts of Air Curtain Burner Burning and Slash Pile Burning." Forests 8, no. 8: 297.

Journal article
Published: 26 April 2017 in Current Forestry Reports
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Taking moisture content samples from forest residue stack piles has been a challenge due to numerous factors such as varying shapes of piles, difference in material types, and financial constraint of the research. Additionally, there has been no standard sampling procedure set for the task encompassing the various constraints, especially in-wood conditions. For these reasons, samples taken from forest residue piles may not accurately represent the average moisture content of the population. This study attempts to classify the sampling methods commonly used for measuring moisture contents of forest residue piles for scientific research. We reviewed over 28 studies focusing on moisture content in forest residues to develop four general sampling methods, namely weighing stack piles, weight from scale ticket, fixed location sampling, and transect sampling. Advantages and limitations for each sampling method along with the type of data generated from each were described in detail. For example, weighing stack piles provided the most accurate form of continuous data, but could not be used for in-wood conditions and was usually limited to small pile structures. On the other hand, fixed location sampling and transect sampling would be preferred in field experiments and could detect moisture content variation within layers of the pile. Attempts were also made to determine the situations in which each of these sampling methods could be adopted. This study could assist researchers set up their experimental designs and provide insight for handling potential challenges during data collection.

ACS Style

Anil Raj Kizha; Han-Sup Han. Moisture Content in Forest Residues: an Insight on Sampling Methods and Procedures. Current Forestry Reports 2017, 3, 202 -212.

AMA Style

Anil Raj Kizha, Han-Sup Han. Moisture Content in Forest Residues: an Insight on Sampling Methods and Procedures. Current Forestry Reports. 2017; 3 (3):202-212.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anil Raj Kizha; Han-Sup Han. 2017. "Moisture Content in Forest Residues: an Insight on Sampling Methods and Procedures." Current Forestry Reports 3, no. 3: 202-212.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2016 in Biomass and Bioenergy
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ACS Style

Anil Raj Kizha; Han-Sup Han. Processing and sorting forest residues: Cost, productivity and managerial impacts. Biomass and Bioenergy 2016, 93, 97 -106.

AMA Style

Anil Raj Kizha, Han-Sup Han. Processing and sorting forest residues: Cost, productivity and managerial impacts. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2016; 93 ():97-106.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anil Raj Kizha; Han-Sup Han. 2016. "Processing and sorting forest residues: Cost, productivity and managerial impacts." Biomass and Bioenergy 93, no. : 97-106.

Journal article
Published: 27 April 2016 in Forests
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Biomass amounts predicted by generalized models are often not applicable for small regions. Localized allometric models were developed relating tree/biomass components to diameter at breast height (dbh) for coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl.) from an industrial timberland in northwestern California, USA. dbh for the candidate trees ranged from 2.54 cm to 84.07 cm. Biomass of tree components, such as bole, foliage, bark, live and dead branches, along with the total aboveground biomass (TAGB) were estimated. Other tree dimensions such as tree height, height to live crown, weight and volume of bole wood were also modeled. Localized allometric models were able to explain more than 93% of the variability for most of the tree components (p < 0.001). Biomass amounts predicted from the widely used generalized models were different from that estimated by the localized allometric model developed from this study. However, the results presented in this study should be used carefully to predict the biomass components, if applied outside the stated dbh range or stand conditions on which this study was based.

ACS Style

Anil Raj Kizha.; Han-Sup Han. Predicting Aboveground Biomass in Second Growth Coast Redwood: Comparing Localized with Generic Allometric Models. Forests 2016, 7, 96 .

AMA Style

Anil Raj Kizha., Han-Sup Han. Predicting Aboveground Biomass in Second Growth Coast Redwood: Comparing Localized with Generic Allometric Models. Forests. 2016; 7 (12):96.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anil Raj Kizha.; Han-Sup Han. 2016. "Predicting Aboveground Biomass in Second Growth Coast Redwood: Comparing Localized with Generic Allometric Models." Forests 7, no. 12: 96.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2016 in Biomass and Bioenergy
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Industrial timberland managers and biomass contractors are faced with a variety of challenges when implementing biomass recovery operations in mountainous terrain. Utilizing a centralized grinding supply chain with modified dump trucks to pre-haul loose slash and a decoupled chip truck transportation system has been found to maximize the utilization rate of machines and productivity of forest residue recovery operations in northern California. This study used a spatial analysis approach to identify the optimal locations for centralized grinding and trailer landings based on the spatial distribution of biomass, existing road networks, and terrain characteristics. The network analyst in ArcGIS was used to model the supply chain logistics from the harvest unit to the energy facility. The resulting models provide explicit details on developing an operational work plan that can be used to cost-effectively implement large-scale centralized biomass recovery operations on industrial timberlands. Optimization of system logistics resulted in low costs of collection and transportation as well as improved access to recoverable forest residues. This was done by identifying the locations of landings, amount and distribution of recoverable forest residues, and modeling an efficient forest residue freight supply chain. Through the use of spatial and network analysis, operational mangers will now be able to develop a comprehensive work plan that provides a framework for centralized biomass recovery operations.

ACS Style

Timothy David Montgomery; Han-Sup Han; Anil Raj Kizha. Modeling work plan logistics for centralized biomass recovery operations in mountainous terrain. Biomass and Bioenergy 2016, 85, 262 -270.

AMA Style

Timothy David Montgomery, Han-Sup Han, Anil Raj Kizha. Modeling work plan logistics for centralized biomass recovery operations in mountainous terrain. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2016; 85 ():262-270.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Timothy David Montgomery; Han-Sup Han; Anil Raj Kizha. 2016. "Modeling work plan logistics for centralized biomass recovery operations in mountainous terrain." Biomass and Bioenergy 85, no. : 262-270.

Research article
Published: 22 March 2012 in International Journal of Forestry Research
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This study evaluated the operational performance and cost of an integrated harvesting system that harvested sawlogs and biomass (i.e., energy wood chips) in stand conversion clearcut operations. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees were processed into sawlogs while whole trees of tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus), and sub-merchantable materials (small-diameter trees, tops and limbs) were fed directly into a chipper to produce biomass for energy production. A standard time study method was used to determine productivity and costs. Over 26 working days, the integrated system produced 1,316 bone-dry metric tonnes (BDTs) of sawlogs, and 5,415.89 BDT of chips, with an average moisture content of 43.2%. Using the joint products allocation costing method, the costs of the integrated system were $29.87/BDT for biomass and $4.26/BDT for sawlogs. Chipping utilization was as low as 41%, directly affecting production and cost of chipping operation. Single-lane, dirt, spur roads were the most costly road type to transport whole trees to a centralized processing site: transportation costs for biomass and sawlogs were increased by $0.08/BDT and $0.02/BDT, respectively, for every 50 meter increase in traveling distance. Diesel fuel price could raise total system cost for each product by $0.78/BDT and $0.08/BDT for each $0.10/liter increase.

ACS Style

Hunter Harrill; Han-Sup Han. Productivity and Cost of Integrated Harvesting of Wood Chips and Sawlogs in Stand Conversion Operations. International Journal of Forestry Research 2012, 2012, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Hunter Harrill, Han-Sup Han. Productivity and Cost of Integrated Harvesting of Wood Chips and Sawlogs in Stand Conversion Operations. International Journal of Forestry Research. 2012; 2012 ():1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hunter Harrill; Han-Sup Han. 2012. "Productivity and Cost of Integrated Harvesting of Wood Chips and Sawlogs in Stand Conversion Operations." International Journal of Forestry Research 2012, no. : 1-10.