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Claudia F. Galinha
LAQV-REQUIMTE, DQ, FCT, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal

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Research article
Published: 05 August 2021 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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The present study focused on the methodology for identification of the wastewater stream that presents the highest phenolic impact at a large oil refinery. As a case-study, the oil refinery, Petrogal S.A., in Sines, Portugal, was selected. Firstly, stripped sour water from the cracking complex was identified as the most relevant wastewater stream concerning phenolic emission. Secondly, multivariate data analysis was used, through projection to latent structures (PLS) regression, to find existing correlations between process parameters and phenols content in stripped sour water. The models developed allowed the prediction of phenols concentration with predictive errors down to 20.16 mg/L (corresponding to 8.2% average error), depending on the complexity of the correlation used, and R2 values as high as 0.85. Models were based in input parameters related to fluid catalytic crackers (FCC) feedstock quality, crudemix and steam injected in the catalyst stripper. The studied data analysis approach showed to be useful as a tool to predict the phenolic content in stripped sour water. Such prediction would help improve the wastewater management system, especially the units responsible for phenol degradation. The methodology shown in this work can be used in other refineries containing catalytic cracking complexes, providing a tool which allows the online prediction of phenols in stripped sour water and the identification of the most relevant process parameters. An optimised system at any refinery leads to an improvement in the wastewater quality and costs associated with pollutant discharge; thus, the development of monitoring online tools, as proposed in this work, is essential.

ACS Style

Pedro D. A. Bastos; Claudia F. Galinha; Maria António Santos; Pedro Jorge Carvalho; João G. Crespo. Predicting the concentration of hazardous phenolic compounds in refinery wastewater—a multivariate data analysis approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2021, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Pedro D. A. Bastos, Claudia F. Galinha, Maria António Santos, Pedro Jorge Carvalho, João G. Crespo. Predicting the concentration of hazardous phenolic compounds in refinery wastewater—a multivariate data analysis approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021; ():1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pedro D. A. Bastos; Claudia F. Galinha; Maria António Santos; Pedro Jorge Carvalho; João G. Crespo. 2021. "Predicting the concentration of hazardous phenolic compounds in refinery wastewater—a multivariate data analysis approach." Environmental Science and Pollution Research , no. : 1-9.

Perspective
Published: 29 July 2021 in Membranes
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Membrane processes are complex systems, often comprising several physicochemical phenomena, as well as biological reactions, depending on the systems studied. Therefore, process modelling is a requirement to simulate (and predict) process and membrane performance, to infer about optimal process conditions, to assess fouling development, and ultimately, for process monitoring and control. Despite the actual dissemination of terms such as Machine Learning, the use of such computational tools to model membrane processes was regarded by many in the past as not useful from a scientific point-of-view, not contributing to the understanding of the phenomena involved. Despite the controversy, in the last 25 years, data driven, non-mechanistic modelling is being applied to describe different membrane processes and in the development of new modelling and monitoring approaches. Thus, this work aims at providing a personal perspective of the use of non-mechanistic modelling in membrane processes, reviewing the evolution supported in our own experience, gained as research group working in the field of membrane processes. Additionally, some guidelines are provided for the application of advanced mathematical tools to model membrane processes.

ACS Style

Claudia Galinha; João Crespo. From Black Box to Machine Learning: A Journey through Membrane Process Modelling. Membranes 2021, 11, 574 .

AMA Style

Claudia Galinha, João Crespo. From Black Box to Machine Learning: A Journey through Membrane Process Modelling. Membranes. 2021; 11 (8):574.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claudia Galinha; João Crespo. 2021. "From Black Box to Machine Learning: A Journey through Membrane Process Modelling." Membranes 11, no. 8: 574.

Journal article
Published: 22 April 2021 in Sustainability
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Corn fibre, a co-product of the starch industry, is rich in compounds with high added value, such as ferulic acid and arabinoxylans, which are released during alkaline extraction. This work aims to optimise an efficient separation method for the recovery of these two compounds from a corn fibre alkaline extract, allowing an efficient valorisation of this co-product. Ultrafiltration was selected as separation method, due to its potential to fractionate these compounds. In order to minimise the loss of membrane permeance, due to mass transfer limitations caused by the high arabinoxylan viscosity, the impact of relevant ultrafiltration operating parameters (membrane molecular weight cut-off, fluid dynamics conditions, transmembrane pressure, and operating temperature) were evaluated. A Nadir UP 150 membrane was found to be an adequate choice, allowing for an efficient separation of ferulic acid from arabinoxylans, with null rejection of ferulic acid, a high estimated rejection of arabinoxylans 98.0% ± 1.7%, and the highest permeance of all tested membranes. A response surface methodology (RSM) was used to infer the effect of ultrafiltration conditions (crossflow velocity, transmembrane pressure and operating temperature) on the rejection of ferulic acid, retention of arabinoxylans (assessed through apparent viscosity of the retentate stream), and permeance. Through mathematical modelling it was possible to determine that the best conditions are the highest operating temperature and initial crossflow velocity tested (66 °C and 1.06 m.s−1, respectively), and the lowest transmembrane pressure tested (0.7 bar).

ACS Style

Rita Valério; João Crespo; Claudia Galinha; Carla Brazinha. Effect of Ultrafiltration Operating Conditions for Separation of Ferulic Acid from Arabinoxylans in Corn Fibre Alkaline Extract. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4682 .

AMA Style

Rita Valério, João Crespo, Claudia Galinha, Carla Brazinha. Effect of Ultrafiltration Operating Conditions for Separation of Ferulic Acid from Arabinoxylans in Corn Fibre Alkaline Extract. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (9):4682.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rita Valério; João Crespo; Claudia Galinha; Carla Brazinha. 2021. "Effect of Ultrafiltration Operating Conditions for Separation of Ferulic Acid from Arabinoxylans in Corn Fibre Alkaline Extract." Sustainability 13, no. 9: 4682.

Journal article
Published: 06 May 2020 in Scientific Reports
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Online monitoring of algal biotechnological processes still requires development to support economic sustainability. In this work, fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with chemometric modelling is studied to monitor simultaneously several compounds of interest, such as chlorophyll and fatty acids, but also the biomass as a whole (cell concentration). Fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEM) were acquired in experiments where different environmental growing parameters were tested, namely light regime, temperature and nitrogen (replete or deplete medium). The prediction models developed have a high R2 for the validation data set for all five parameters monitored, specifically cell concentration (0.66), chlorophyll (0.78), and fatty acid as total (0.78), saturated (0.81) and unsaturated (0.74). Regression coefficient maps of the models show the importance of the pigment region for all outputs studied, and the protein-like fluorescence region for the cell concentration. These results demonstrate for the first time the potential of fluorescence spectroscopy for in vivo and real-time monitoring of these key performance parameters during Nannochloropsis oceanica cultivation.

ACS Style

Marta Sá; Carlo G. Bertinetto; Narcís Ferrer-Ledo; Jeroen J. Jansen; Rene Wijffels; João G. Crespo; Maria Barbosa; Claudia F. Galinha. Fluorescence spectroscopy and chemometrics for simultaneous monitoring of cell concentration, chlorophyll and fatty acids in Nannochloropsis oceanica. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Marta Sá, Carlo G. Bertinetto, Narcís Ferrer-Ledo, Jeroen J. Jansen, Rene Wijffels, João G. Crespo, Maria Barbosa, Claudia F. Galinha. Fluorescence spectroscopy and chemometrics for simultaneous monitoring of cell concentration, chlorophyll and fatty acids in Nannochloropsis oceanica. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Sá; Carlo G. Bertinetto; Narcís Ferrer-Ledo; Jeroen J. Jansen; Rene Wijffels; João G. Crespo; Maria Barbosa; Claudia F. Galinha. 2020. "Fluorescence spectroscopy and chemometrics for simultaneous monitoring of cell concentration, chlorophyll and fatty acids in Nannochloropsis oceanica." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 25 April 2020 in Separation and Purification Technology
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The present work investigates the performance of an ion-exchange membrane process for arsenate removal, consisting in integrating Donnan dialytic transport of arsenic with its simultaneous precipitation in a separate receiver compartment. The process performance was improved by adding a bicarbonate-carbonate buffer in the receiver solution, where iron (III) chloride was used to precipitate the arsenic. This system allowed to maintain the treated water pH within the acceptable drinking water range of 6–9, without further control. A Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to infer about the effect of the supply water characteristics (initial arsenic concentration and pH) and operating conditions (mass ratio of iron to arsenic) on the degree of arsenic removal. It was found that the initial pH of the receiver solution was also a required input to predict accurately the arsenic concentration in the treated water (for a predefined treatment time). The model developed has a fitting R2 value of 0.99 and a prediction error of 6.6 µg/L of As. The methodology presented permits to develop a simple decision tool (either through the use of equations or visual plots) to determine the effective amount of iron to be used in the treatment of As contaminated water.

ACS Style

Mafalda Pessoa Lopes; Claudia F. Galinha; João G. Crespo; Svetlozar Velizarov. Optimisation of arsenate removal from water by an integrated ion-exchange membrane process coupled with Fe co-precipitation. Separation and Purification Technology 2020, 246, 116894 .

AMA Style

Mafalda Pessoa Lopes, Claudia F. Galinha, João G. Crespo, Svetlozar Velizarov. Optimisation of arsenate removal from water by an integrated ion-exchange membrane process coupled with Fe co-precipitation. Separation and Purification Technology. 2020; 246 ():116894.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mafalda Pessoa Lopes; Claudia F. Galinha; João G. Crespo; Svetlozar Velizarov. 2020. "Optimisation of arsenate removal from water by an integrated ion-exchange membrane process coupled with Fe co-precipitation." Separation and Purification Technology 246, no. : 116894.

Journal article
Published: 29 January 2020 in New Biotechnology
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This work is focused on production of volatile fatty acids (VFA) through anaerobic digestion (AD) using raw (without pre-treatment) brewers’ spent grain (BSG) as feedstock. VFAs are by-products from AD of organic wastes with wide potential industrial application in bioplastic production. A long term fed batch stirred-tank reactor was operated and the impact of three hydraulic retention times (HRT) and two organic loading rates (OLR) on VFA production was assessed. Results showed clearly that AD of raw BSG is possible without a pre-treatment step. The maximum volumetric VFA productivity of 91.3 ± 9.1 mgCODL−1 h−1 and VFA concentration of 24.9 ± 2.6 g L−1 were obtained for 16 days of HRT and 16 gTSinL−1d−1 of OLR. This is the highest value of VFA concentration so far reported for BSG. Propionic, acetic and butyric acids were the main VFAs produced. Community identification by FISH and its correlation with process parameters was performed by principal component analysis.

ACS Style

Margarida Ribau Teixeira; Eliana Guarda; Elisabete B. Freitas; Claudia F. Galinha; Anouk F. Duque; Maria A.M. Reis. Valorization of raw brewers’ spent grain through the production of volatile fatty acids. New Biotechnology 2020, 57, 4 -10.

AMA Style

Margarida Ribau Teixeira, Eliana Guarda, Elisabete B. Freitas, Claudia F. Galinha, Anouk F. Duque, Maria A.M. Reis. Valorization of raw brewers’ spent grain through the production of volatile fatty acids. New Biotechnology. 2020; 57 ():4-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Margarida Ribau Teixeira; Eliana Guarda; Elisabete B. Freitas; Claudia F. Galinha; Anouk F. Duque; Maria A.M. Reis. 2020. "Valorization of raw brewers’ spent grain through the production of volatile fatty acids." New Biotechnology 57, no. : 4-10.

Journal article
Published: 27 December 2019 in Algal Research
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With the increase awareness for a healthier food regime and greener environmental processes, microalgae are being looked as a solution for a sustainable production of polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Nannochloropsis oceanica is an oleaginous microalga, well-known for the ability of EPA accumulation, although higher lipid productivities are still required to make the process competitive. Therefore, three cultivation parameters were tested in the present work (temperature, light cycles and nitrogen supply) in order to study the EPA profile in the polar and neutral fractions of the cells. In addition, an online monitoring tool based on a fluorescence spectroscopy technique was developed with the aim of increasing process knowledge at real time. The results of this work show that nitrogen depletion induces the highest variability in EPA accumulation in the neutral fraction (triacylglycerols). However, to increase the EPA content in the polar fraction a different strategy needs to be implemented, such as decreasing the cultivation temperature or the light available per cell. Chemometric models were developed through PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and PLS (Projection to Latent Structures), using only fluorescence spectra as inputs, enabling the monitoring of EPA in both fractions separately. High explained variance was observed (above 85%) in both fractions, with R2 above 0.81 and slopes above 0.93 for both validation and training data sets. Lower values of cross-validation and prediction errors were observed (between 0.29 and 0.49% g/gDW). The results obtained show that fluorescence spectroscopy is a powerful technique for online monitoring of non-fluorophore molecules, such as EPA, in complex process like microalgae cultivation.

ACS Style

Marta Sa; Narcís Ferrer-Ledo; Rene Wijffels; João Crespo; Maria Barbosa; Claudia F. Galinha. Monitoring of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) production in the microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica. Algal Research 2019, 45, 101766 .

AMA Style

Marta Sa, Narcís Ferrer-Ledo, Rene Wijffels, João Crespo, Maria Barbosa, Claudia F. Galinha. Monitoring of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) production in the microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica. Algal Research. 2019; 45 ():101766.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Sa; Narcís Ferrer-Ledo; Rene Wijffels; João Crespo; Maria Barbosa; Claudia F. Galinha. 2019. "Monitoring of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) production in the microalgae Nannochloropsis oceanica." Algal Research 45, no. : 101766.

Article
Published: 06 December 2019 in Environmental Biology of Fishes
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When growing microalgae for biorefinery processes, a high product yield is desired. For that reason, monitoring the concentration of the desired products during growth and products induction procedure is of great interest. 2D Fluorescence spectroscopy is a fingerprinting technique, used in situ and at real time, with a high potential for online monitoring of biological systems. In this work, Dunaliella salina pigment content was monitored using fluorescence data coupled with chemometric tools. Climatic parameters were also used as input variables due to their impact on the pigments profile in outdoor cultivations. Predictive models were developed for chlorophyll content (a, b, and total) with variance captured between 50 and 90%, and R2 varying between 0.6 and 0.9 for both training and validation data sets. Total carotenoids models captured 70 to 80% of variance, and R2 between 0.7 and 0.9, for training and validation. Models for specific carotenoids (zeaxanthin, α-carotene, all-trans-β-carotene, and 9-cis-β-carotene) captured variance between 60 and 90%, with validation and training R2 between 0.6 and 0.9. With this methodology, it was possible to calibrate a monitoring tool for pigments quantification, as a bulk and as individual compounds, proving that 2D fluorescence spectroscopy and climatic data combined with chemometric tools can be used to assess simultaneously and at real time different pigments in D. salina biomass production.

ACS Style

Marta Sá; Alzira Ramos; Joana Monte; Carla Brazinha; Claudia F. Galinha; João G Crespo. Development of a monitoring tool based on fluorescence and climatic data for pigments profile estimation in Dunaliella salina. Environmental Biology of Fishes 2019, 32, 363 -373.

AMA Style

Marta Sá, Alzira Ramos, Joana Monte, Carla Brazinha, Claudia F. Galinha, João G Crespo. Development of a monitoring tool based on fluorescence and climatic data for pigments profile estimation in Dunaliella salina. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 2019; 32 (1):363-373.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Sá; Alzira Ramos; Joana Monte; Carla Brazinha; Claudia F. Galinha; João G Crespo. 2019. "Development of a monitoring tool based on fluorescence and climatic data for pigments profile estimation in Dunaliella salina." Environmental Biology of Fishes 32, no. 1: 363-373.

Review article
Published: 19 November 2019 in Desalination
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Environment-friendly production of power and clean water is one of the major goals of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, and can be achieved by emerging electromembrane processes, such as reverse electrodialysis (RED) and membrane capacitive deionisation (MCDI). RED generates electricity from salinity gradient energy sources, while MCDI desalinates (mainly) brackish water. However, fouling, scaling, stack channels clogging and undesired uphill ionic transport can reduce the power output and salt removal efficiency in RED and MCDI, respectively. A practical overview of current problems and challenges of operating and monitoring these processes under real conditions is provided. Appropriate mitigation approaches, which might include feed water pre-treatment, in-situ cleaning strategies and/or development of new antifouling ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) are disclosed. First, a description, analysis and (when possible) normalised comparison of the performance of available RED and MCDI stacks, employing natural saline streams, is presented. Afterwards, it is discussed how fouling formation can be detected, monitored and characterised, which is essential to implement effective pre-treatment and cleaning strategies. Finally, sustainable ways for preparation of appropriate IEMs are selected and presented.

ACS Style

Sylwin Pawlowski; Rosa M. Huertas; Cláudia F. Galinha; João G. Crespo; Svetlozar Velizarov. On operation of reverse electrodialysis (RED) and membrane capacitive deionisation (MCDI) with natural saline streams: A critical review. Desalination 2019, 476, 114183 .

AMA Style

Sylwin Pawlowski, Rosa M. Huertas, Cláudia F. Galinha, João G. Crespo, Svetlozar Velizarov. On operation of reverse electrodialysis (RED) and membrane capacitive deionisation (MCDI) with natural saline streams: A critical review. Desalination. 2019; 476 ():114183.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sylwin Pawlowski; Rosa M. Huertas; Cláudia F. Galinha; João G. Crespo; Svetlozar Velizarov. 2019. "On operation of reverse electrodialysis (RED) and membrane capacitive deionisation (MCDI) with natural saline streams: A critical review." Desalination 476, no. : 114183.

Journal article
Published: 12 November 2019 in Algal Research
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Two-dimensional (2D) fluorescence spectroscopy was investigated as a monitoring tool for cultivation, harvesting, and effluent treatment of Dunaliella salina with high carotenoid concentration; aiming to improve the production process and minimise costs. Chemometric analysis, namely Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Projection to Latent Structures (PLS), were used to build models for estimation of cellular concentration, cellular viability, and nitrate concentration in media. The estimations were based on fluorescence excitation-emission matrices (EEMs) acquired directly from algal suspensions. Cell concentration during cultivation and harvesting can be predicted by a single model capturing 92.0% of the variance, and with R2 of 0.92 and 0.97, for training and validation, respectively. Cell viability during harvesting by ultrafiltration was modelled with 79% of variance and R2 of 0.79 for training and 0.73 for validation. Nitrate concentration was successfully predicted during cultivation and permeate treatment using a single model with 81.8% of variance and R2 of 0.82 for training and 0.80 for validation. Therefore, this work demonstrates the strong potential of combining 2D fluorescence and chemometrics for monitoring different processes during microalgae production.

ACS Style

Marta Sá; Joana Monte; Carla Brazinha; Claudia F. Galinha; João G. Crespo. Fluorescence coupled with chemometrics for simultaneous monitoring of cell concentration, cell viability and medium nitrate during production of carotenoid-rich Dunaliella salina. Algal Research 2019, 44, 101720 .

AMA Style

Marta Sá, Joana Monte, Carla Brazinha, Claudia F. Galinha, João G. Crespo. Fluorescence coupled with chemometrics for simultaneous monitoring of cell concentration, cell viability and medium nitrate during production of carotenoid-rich Dunaliella salina. Algal Research. 2019; 44 ():101720.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Sá; Joana Monte; Carla Brazinha; Claudia F. Galinha; João G. Crespo. 2019. "Fluorescence coupled with chemometrics for simultaneous monitoring of cell concentration, cell viability and medium nitrate during production of carotenoid-rich Dunaliella salina." Algal Research 44, no. : 101720.

Journal article
Published: 03 September 2019 in Separation and Purification Technology
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Dunaliella salina is an unicellular microalga, well-known for the production of carotenoids, especially β-carotene. This microalga is very fragile and shear sensitive due to the absence of a rigid cell wall and may easily rupture when shear stress conditions are applied. This work proposes to study the pre-concentration of carotenoid-rich (“orange”) Dunaliella salina culture by membrane filtration, preceding a final concentration using low-shear centrifugation. The goal is to minimise the total capital and energy costs, ensuring a low cell integrity loss and high permeate fluxes. The harvesting process was performed under controlled permeate flux conditions at laboratory and pilot scales. At pilot scale, the harvesting of Dunaliella salina attained a final concentration factor of 10, at a permeate volumetric flux of 21 L/(m2 h). When applying the two-step approach of membrane + centrifugation, the reduction of Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and energy consumption were 70 and 76%, respectively, compared to harvesting with a one-step centrifugation approach.

ACS Style

Joana Monte; Jorge Bernardo; Marta Sa; Celina Parreira; Claudia F. Galinha; Luis Costa; Carlos Casanovas; Carla Brazinha; João Crespo. Development of an integrated process of membrane filtration for harvesting carotenoid-rich Dunaliella salina at laboratory and pilot scales. Separation and Purification Technology 2019, 233, 116021 .

AMA Style

Joana Monte, Jorge Bernardo, Marta Sa, Celina Parreira, Claudia F. Galinha, Luis Costa, Carlos Casanovas, Carla Brazinha, João Crespo. Development of an integrated process of membrane filtration for harvesting carotenoid-rich Dunaliella salina at laboratory and pilot scales. Separation and Purification Technology. 2019; 233 ():116021.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joana Monte; Jorge Bernardo; Marta Sa; Celina Parreira; Claudia F. Galinha; Luis Costa; Carlos Casanovas; Carla Brazinha; João Crespo. 2019. "Development of an integrated process of membrane filtration for harvesting carotenoid-rich Dunaliella salina at laboratory and pilot scales." Separation and Purification Technology 233, no. : 116021.

Journal article
Published: 10 July 2019 in Food Chemistry
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Anthocyanin lipophilization emerged as an efficient technique to improve their chemical stability, liposolubility and antioxidant properties for novel technological applications. This work describes an efficient method for the synthesis of cyanidin-3-glucoside-fatty acid conjugate using a Candida antarctica lipase B-rich extract, without further purification and retained in a porous membrane. Due to the enzyme retention within the membrane structure it was possible to improve the yield of the lipophilization reaction by 2.5-fold as well as obtaining the product in a shorter period of time comparing with its free form. Furthermore, the membrane retention allowed for enzyme reusability, since the same conversion yield was obtained in three consecutive reaction cycles.

ACS Style

Marta Guimarães; Maria Rosa Perez Gregorio; Nuno Mateus; Victor de Freitas; Cláudia F. Galinha; João G. Crespo; Carla A.M. Portugal; Luís Cruz. An efficient method for anthocyanins lipophilization based on enzyme retention in membrane systems. Food Chemistry 2019, 300, 125167 .

AMA Style

Marta Guimarães, Maria Rosa Perez Gregorio, Nuno Mateus, Victor de Freitas, Cláudia F. Galinha, João G. Crespo, Carla A.M. Portugal, Luís Cruz. An efficient method for anthocyanins lipophilization based on enzyme retention in membrane systems. Food Chemistry. 2019; 300 ():125167.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Guimarães; Maria Rosa Perez Gregorio; Nuno Mateus; Victor de Freitas; Cláudia F. Galinha; João G. Crespo; Carla A.M. Portugal; Luís Cruz. 2019. "An efficient method for anthocyanins lipophilization based on enzyme retention in membrane systems." Food Chemistry 300, no. : 125167.

Research article
Published: 21 May 2019 in Environmental Science and Pollution Research
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The increase of salt concentrations in influent wastewaters will be a consequence of the sea level rises in coastal areas due to climate change and the future use of seawater to flush toilets as a cost-attractive option for alternative water resources. Yet, little is known about the salinity effect on full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) performance and on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, such as nitrous oxide (N2O). This study aimed at quantifying the N2O emissions of a full-scale biological aerated filter (BAF) and to correlate the dynamic behavior of the emissions with the process conditions and the periods of infiltration of seawater. A full-scale BAF was monitored for 3 months to assess both their gaseous and liquid N2O fluxes. The total average daily N2O emissions of the plant were 6.16 g N–N2O/kg of NH4–N removed. For the first time at full-scale, a correlation between the N2O emissions and the wastewater influent conductivity (salinity) was found, in which the increase in seawater infiltration in the sewer at high tide augments the daily N2O production and emission to 13.78 g N–N2O/kg of NH4–N removed. The proportional increase in influent conductivity and the N2O emission factor in this WWTP suggested that periods of high conductivity could serve as an indicator of increased N2O emissions by the plant. Furthermore, the operational conditions and the wastewater influent characteristics that influence the N2O emissions were identified as being the dissolved oxygen (DO) dynamics due to the filter washing steps, leading to rapid transitions from oxic to sub-oxic conditions, as well as the (re-)adaptation of microbial consortia due to the dynamics of the biofilm thickness associated to the daily washing process. This study shows the impact that the washing process and seawater infiltration has on the N2O emissions of a BAF and contributes to a better understanding of the operational conditions impacting the emissions in WWTPs.

ACS Style

Anabela Vieira; Ricardo Marques; Claudia F. Galinha; Pedro Povoa; Gilda Carvalho; Adrian Oehmen. Nitrous oxide emissions from a full-scale biological aerated filter (BAF) subject to seawater infiltration. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2019, 26, 20939 -20948.

AMA Style

Anabela Vieira, Ricardo Marques, Claudia F. Galinha, Pedro Povoa, Gilda Carvalho, Adrian Oehmen. Nitrous oxide emissions from a full-scale biological aerated filter (BAF) subject to seawater infiltration. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2019; 26 (20):20939-20948.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anabela Vieira; Ricardo Marques; Claudia F. Galinha; Pedro Povoa; Gilda Carvalho; Adrian Oehmen. 2019. "Nitrous oxide emissions from a full-scale biological aerated filter (BAF) subject to seawater infiltration." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26, no. 20: 20939-20948.

Journal article
Published: 04 March 2019 in Algal Research
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β-Carotene and other carotenoids are common food additives industrially produced by Dunaliella salina. However, the cultivation production costs are substantial and determine the economic viability of production in large-scale systems. There is a strong interest in recycling the cultivation medium in order to reduce the microalgae production costs. This work aims to study several oxidation techniques for treatment of permeate produced during harvesting of microalga Dunaliella salina by membrane filtration. The treated permeate produced is assessed for reuse as cultivation medium of Dunaliella salina. The permeate produced during membrane harvesting of Dunaliella salina was recovered and treated by ozonation and UV radiation. The different types of permeate produced were tested as cultivation media. The results obtained indicate that the permeate treated by UV with addition of H2O2 was best suited for the growth of Dunaliella salina during carotenogenesis. Nevertheless, although not performing as well as the selected cultivation medium, the use of untreated permeate seems a reasonable alternative to it, as the untreated permeate has potential to be the most cost efficient solution.

ACS Style

Joana Monte; Marta Sa; Celina Parreira; Joana Galante; Ana Rita Serra; Cláudia F. Galinha; Luís Costa; Vanessa Pereira; Carla Brazinha; João G. Crespo. Recycling of Dunaliella salina cultivation medium by integrated membrane filtration and advanced oxidation. Algal Research 2019, 39, 101460 .

AMA Style

Joana Monte, Marta Sa, Celina Parreira, Joana Galante, Ana Rita Serra, Cláudia F. Galinha, Luís Costa, Vanessa Pereira, Carla Brazinha, João G. Crespo. Recycling of Dunaliella salina cultivation medium by integrated membrane filtration and advanced oxidation. Algal Research. 2019; 39 ():101460.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joana Monte; Marta Sa; Celina Parreira; Joana Galante; Ana Rita Serra; Cláudia F. Galinha; Luís Costa; Vanessa Pereira; Carla Brazinha; João G. Crespo. 2019. "Recycling of Dunaliella salina cultivation medium by integrated membrane filtration and advanced oxidation." Algal Research 39, no. : 101460.

Journal article
Published: 11 October 2018 in Science of The Total Environment
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Few attempts have been made in previous studies to link the microbial community structure and function with nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions at full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In this work, high-throughput sequencing and reverse transcriptase-qPCR (RT-qPCR) was applied to activated sludge samples from three WWTPs for two seasonal periods (winter and summer) and linked with the N2O emissions and wastewater characteristics. The total N2O emissions ranged from 7.2 to 937.0 g N-N2O/day, which corresponds to an emission factor of 0.001 to 0.280% of the influent NH4-N being emitted as N2O. Those emissions were related to the abundance of Nitrotoga, Candidatus Microthrix and Rhodobacter genera, which were favored by higher dissolved oxygen (DO) and nitrate (NO3−) concentrations in the activated sludge tanks. Furthermore, a relationship between the nirK gene expression and N2O emissions was verified. Detected N2O emission peaks were associated with different process events, related to aeration transition periods, that occurred during the regular operation of the plants, which could be potentially associated to increased emissions of the WWTP. The design of mitigation strategies, such as optimizing the aeration regime, is therefore important to avoid process events that lead to those N2O emissions peaks. Furthermore, this study also demonstrates the importance of assessing the gene expression of nosZ clade II, since its high abundance in WWTPs could be an important key to reduce the N2O emissions.

ACS Style

A. Vieira; Claudia F. Galinha; Adrian Oehmen; G. Carvalho. The link between nitrous oxide emissions, microbial community profile and function from three full-scale WWTPs. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 651, 2460 -2472.

AMA Style

A. Vieira, Claudia F. Galinha, Adrian Oehmen, G. Carvalho. The link between nitrous oxide emissions, microbial community profile and function from three full-scale WWTPs. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 651 ():2460-2472.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Vieira; Claudia F. Galinha; Adrian Oehmen; G. Carvalho. 2018. "The link between nitrous oxide emissions, microbial community profile and function from three full-scale WWTPs." Science of The Total Environment 651, no. : 2460-2472.

Contributors
Published: 20 July 2018 in Fundamental Modelling of Membrane Systems
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ACS Style

João G. Crespo; Cláudia F. Galinha; Patricia Luis; Sandra Sanches; Bart Van Der Bruggen. Contributors. Fundamental Modelling of Membrane Systems 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

João G. Crespo, Cláudia F. Galinha, Patricia Luis, Sandra Sanches, Bart Van Der Bruggen. Contributors. Fundamental Modelling of Membrane Systems. 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

João G. Crespo; Cláudia F. Galinha; Patricia Luis; Sandra Sanches; Bart Van Der Bruggen. 2018. "Contributors." Fundamental Modelling of Membrane Systems , no. : 1.

Book chapter
Published: 20 July 2018 in Fundamental Modelling of Membrane Systems
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Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) combine a membrane system with a biological reaction offering a unique opportunity to restrict the physical space of a biocatalyst, which can be an enzyme, a microorganism or a plant/animal cell. Due to this broad range of biological reactions, the modeling of such MBR systems can be rather different, depending on the biological process taking place. Therefore, this chapter discusses how the different characteristics and complexities of internal MBR processes affect the choice between mechanistic and multivariate statistical models. In many situations, relatively simple mechanistic models can be used, such as in enzymatic bioreactors. However, in complex systems, such as in MBRs for wastewater treatment, particularly when process monitoring and control is envisage, the multivariate statistical modeling approach may become more useful. Considering the bright future of MBRs, modeling requirements will be challenging and will require open-minded approaches.

ACS Style

Cláudia F. Galinha; Sandra Sanches; João G. Crespo. Membrane bioreactors. Fundamental Modelling of Membrane Systems 2018, 209 -249.

AMA Style

Cláudia F. Galinha, Sandra Sanches, João G. Crespo. Membrane bioreactors. Fundamental Modelling of Membrane Systems. 2018; ():209-249.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cláudia F. Galinha; Sandra Sanches; João G. Crespo. 2018. "Membrane bioreactors." Fundamental Modelling of Membrane Systems , no. : 209-249.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Separation and Purification Technology
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The microalgae Dunaliella salina is industrially produced due to its high content in carotenoids induced by low nitrogen and high salinity conditions. D. salina with low carotenoids content also produces other added value compounds, however its recovery have hardly been studied. This work aims to examine the potential of pre-concentrating D. salina by membrane processing prior to a final harvesting step by low-shear centrifugation. The aim is to minimize the overall energy expenditure and reduce capital costs, while assuring a minimal loss of cell integrity. This task is challenging, considering the sensitivity of D. salina to shear. Harvesting of D. salina by ultrafiltration allowed reaching a final concentration factor of 5.9, with an average permeate flux of 31 L/(m2 h). The Total Cost of Ownership and energy consumption for harvesting are respectively 52% and 45% lower when applying a two-step approach with pre-concentration (ultrafiltration) compared to only harvesting by centrifugation

ACS Style

Joana Monte; Marta Sa; Claudia F. Galinha; Luis Costa; Herre Hoekstra; Carla Brazinha; João Crespo. Harvesting of Dunaliella salina by membrane filtration at pilot scale. Separation and Purification Technology 2018, 190, 252 -260.

AMA Style

Joana Monte, Marta Sa, Claudia F. Galinha, Luis Costa, Herre Hoekstra, Carla Brazinha, João Crespo. Harvesting of Dunaliella salina by membrane filtration at pilot scale. Separation and Purification Technology. 2018; 190 ():252-260.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joana Monte; Marta Sa; Claudia F. Galinha; Luis Costa; Herre Hoekstra; Carla Brazinha; João Crespo. 2018. "Harvesting of Dunaliella salina by membrane filtration at pilot scale." Separation and Purification Technology 190, no. : 252-260.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2017 in New Biotechnology
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Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are a sustainable alternative to conventional plastics that can be obtained from industrial wastes/by-products using mixed microbial cultures (MMC). MMC PHA production is commonly carried out in a 3-stage process of acidogenesis, PHA culture selection and accumulation. This research focused on the possibility of tailoring PHA by controlling the acidogenic reactor operating conditions, namely pH, using cheese whey as model feedstock. The objective was to investigate the impact that dynamically varying the acidogenic pH, when targeting different PHA monomer profiles, had on the performance and microbial community profile of the anaerobic reactor. To accomplish this, an anaerobic reactor was continuously operated under dynamic pH changes, ranging from pH 4 to 7, turning to pH 6 after each change of pH. At pH 6, lactate and acetate were the dominant products (41-48% gCOD basis and 22-44% gCOD basis, respectively). At low pH, lactate production was higher while at high pH acetate production was favoured. Despite the dynamic change of pH, the fermentation product composition at pH 6 was always similar, showing the resilience of the process, i.e. when the same pH value was imposed, the culture produced the same metabolic products independently of the history of changes occurring in the system. The different fermentation product fractions led to PHAs of different compositions. The microbial community, analysed by high throughput sequencing of bacterial 16 S rRNA gene fragments, was dominated by Lactobacillus, but varied markedly when subjected to the highest and lowest pH values of the tested range (4 and 7), with increase in the abundance of Lactococcus and a member of the Candidate Division TM7. Different bacterial profiles obtained at pH 6 during this dynamic operation were able to produce a consistent profile of fermentation products (and consequently a constant PHA composition), demonstrating the community’s functional redundancy.

ACS Style

Ana R. Gouveia; Elisabete B. Freitas; Claudia F. Galinha; Gilda Carvalho; Anouk F. Duque; Maria A.M. Reis. Dynamic change of pH in acidogenic fermentation of cheese whey towards polyhydroxyalkanoates production: Impact on performance and microbial population. New Biotechnology 2017, 37, 108 -116.

AMA Style

Ana R. Gouveia, Elisabete B. Freitas, Claudia F. Galinha, Gilda Carvalho, Anouk F. Duque, Maria A.M. Reis. Dynamic change of pH in acidogenic fermentation of cheese whey towards polyhydroxyalkanoates production: Impact on performance and microbial population. New Biotechnology. 2017; 37 ():108-116.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana R. Gouveia; Elisabete B. Freitas; Claudia F. Galinha; Gilda Carvalho; Anouk F. Duque; Maria A.M. Reis. 2017. "Dynamic change of pH in acidogenic fermentation of cheese whey towards polyhydroxyalkanoates production: Impact on performance and microbial population." New Biotechnology 37, no. : 108-116.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2017 in Algal Research
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ACS Style

Marta Sá; Joana Monte; Carla Brazinha; Claudia F Galinha; João G Crespo. 2D Fluorescence spectroscopy for monitoring Dunaliella salina concentration and integrity during membrane harvesting. Algal Research 2017, 24, 325 -332.

AMA Style

Marta Sá, Joana Monte, Carla Brazinha, Claudia F Galinha, João G Crespo. 2D Fluorescence spectroscopy for monitoring Dunaliella salina concentration and integrity during membrane harvesting. Algal Research. 2017; 24 ():325-332.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Sá; Joana Monte; Carla Brazinha; Claudia F Galinha; João G Crespo. 2017. "2D Fluorescence spectroscopy for monitoring Dunaliella salina concentration and integrity during membrane harvesting." Algal Research 24, no. : 325-332.