The aim is to investigate the relationship between thyroid volume measurement and healthy nutrition questionnaire scoring in pregnant women diagnosed with hyperemesis gravidarum (HEG). One hundred and fifty pregnant women with a BMI of 15-25 kg/m² and between the ages of 17 and 42 who were diagnosed with HEG at 11-14 weeks of gestation were included in the study. Patients with a history of any disease, drug use, and previously diagnosed eating disorders were excluded. All patients were subjected to the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) questionnaire. The cutoff value for HEI score was determined as 80 points. Patients were evaluated in two groups: group 1 (HEI <80 score) and group 2 (HEI ≥80 score). Complete urine analysis including ketonuria, and thyroid function tests including TSH, T3, and T4 levels were performed for all patients. In addition, the thyroid gland volume of every patient was measured by the same radiologist. Increased thyroid gland volume was significantly associated with lower TSH levels (p = .02) and lower HEI scores (p < .001). On the other hand, it was not significantly associated with ketonuria (p = .47), and parity status (p = .82). In our study, we found that there may be an increase in thyroid volume in pregnant women with HEG with lower TSH levels and eating scores. Thyroid volume may predict the patients with probable eating disorders and further studies on thyroid volume in patients with HEG may contribute to the literature.

Background: In this study, we aimed to introduce a new technique of labiaplasty and to evaluate the effect of this novel technique on female genital self-images, and sexual outcomes and to assess the feasibility of this novel technique. Methods: We conducted a single-center, retrospective study in 59 women who underwent labiaplasty and vaginoplasty (29 Freya approach technique, 30 classic technique) from 2020 to 2022. Both groups evaluated before (within 7 days) and after (1 month after) surgery with Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and Female Genital Self-Image Scale (FGSIS) questionnaires and all the patients received postoperative care and follow-up assessments for complications 7 days and 1 month after surgery. Results: The Freya approach technique was associated with a shorter operation time (p < 0.05) and significantly lower postoperative Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores (p < 0.001). Both techniques increased FSFI scores (p < 0.001) and total FGSIS scores (p < 0.001). With the exception of a few cases of wound dehiscence that necessitated surgical correction (n = 1), wound healing occurred without complications. The outcomes were deemed highly satisfactory both aesthetically and functionally (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Freya approach technique is a simple and safe technique. It is effective in improving genital appearance and sexual satisfaction. Although this novel approach has similar satisfaction rates with other surgical techniques, it could be useful to reduce surgery time and postoperative pain.

The anatomy of the female external genitalia may differ due to developmental or acquired events. However, several anatomical landmarks such as the anterior and posterior commissures, glans clitoridis, and perineal body do not differ across most patients and can be used to evaluate post-surgical tissue symmetry and proportion. Patient preference seems to be subjective; interestingly, however, the desired post-surgical appearance is very similar in itself, almost to the standard in most patients. In addition, surgeons may change the entire process according to their individual aesthetic perceptions and experience. Thus, the outcomes of genital aesthetic surgery may be affected by multiple factors, with patient preference and surgical evaluation and approach appearing to be the most person-dependent. From this perspective, we defined a sticker model for marking the external female genitalia in genital aesthetic surgery. Inspired by the golden ratio, we incorporated the Fibonacci spiral in the stickers.

Background: Episiotomy rates remain high worldwide despite recommendations supporting restrictive use. Although antenatal pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) and perineal massage have each demonstrated efficacy individually, their comparative effectiveness and their combined efficacy relative to other nonpharmacological interventions remain unclear. Methods: This randomized, assessor-blinded, controlled trial enrolled 431 low-risk pregnant women between 20–36 weeks of gestation. Participants were allocated to one of four study groups: PFMT alone (n = 132), PFMT + Swiss ball exercises (n = 58), PFMT + perineal massage (n = 88), and standard care (n = 153). The primary outcome was the episiotomy rate. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of episiotomy. Results: The rates were 5.7% in the PFMT + perineal massage group, 58.6% in the PFMT + Swiss ball group, 68.6% in the control group, and 85.6% in the PFMT-alone group. PFMT + perineal massage significantly reduced the risk of episiotomy compared with both the control group and the PFMT-alone group (p < 0.001 for both). However, there was no significant difference in episiotomy rates between the PFMT + perineal massage group and the PFMT + Swiss ball group (p > 0.05). In contrast, PFMT alone was associated with a higher episiotomy rate than standard care (p = 0.001). Younger maternal age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.89, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.85–0.93) and nulliparity (aOR = 25.4, 95% CI: 10.5–60.1) were strongly associated with episiotomy (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Combining antenatal PFMT with perineal massage dramatically lowered episiotomy rates. In contrast, isolated PFMT without perineal preparation may paradoxically increase episiotomy risk, potentially due to pelvic floor hypertonia. Antenatal education should therefore emphasize both pelvic floor strengthening and perineal distensibility. Clinical Trial Registration: This trial was retrospectively registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (registration link: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07626333, registration number: NCT07626333).