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M. Dale
Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA

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Review
Published: 07 July 2021 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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For sustainable design, technology developers need to consider not only technical and economic aspects but also potential environmental impacts while developing new technologies. Techno economic analysis (TEA) evaluates the technical performance and economic feasibility of a technology. Life cycle assessment (LCA) evaluates the potential environmental impacts associated with a product system throughout its life cycle from raw material extraction to disposal. Generally, TEA and LCA performed separately for technology assessment. Understanding of the trade-off between economic and environmental performance is crucial for sustainable process design, which is not fully available if TEA and LCA is performed separately. In contrast, integration of TEA and LCA enables systematic analysis of the relationships between technical, economic, and environmental performance and provides more information to technology developers for trade-off analysis. Integrated TEA-LCA tool can also reduce inconsistency between system boundaries, functional units, and assumptions that can arise from using standalone TEA and LCA findings in decision making. There is also growing interest of prospective application of integrated TEA-LCA tool to evaluate emerging technologies at early technology readiness level (TRL). Integration of TEA and LCA is still an evolving area and requires further exploration to develop a consistent methodological guideline. The goal of this study is to review the current state-of-the-art in TEA and LCA to identify the methodological challenges of TEA-LCA integration approaches. This study also identifies major challenges to perform integrated TEA-LCA analysis of emerging technologies at low TRLs. Lack of consistent methodological guidelines and compatible software tools, inconsistent system boundary and functional unit selection, limited data availability and uncertainty are key methodological challenges for integration of LCA and TEA. Future research should focus on developing integrated TEA-LCA tool, formulating approach to incorporate optimization method with integrated TEA-LCA tool, and developing strategy of proper communication of results from integrated LCA-TEA tool to broad range of stakeholders.

ACS Style

Roksana Mahmud; Sheikh Moniruzzaman Moni; Karen High; Michael Carbajales-Dale. Integration of techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment for sustainable process design – A review. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 317, 128247 .

AMA Style

Roksana Mahmud, Sheikh Moniruzzaman Moni, Karen High, Michael Carbajales-Dale. Integration of techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment for sustainable process design – A review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 317 ():128247.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roksana Mahmud; Sheikh Moniruzzaman Moni; Karen High; Michael Carbajales-Dale. 2021. "Integration of techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment for sustainable process design – A review." Journal of Cleaner Production 317, no. : 128247.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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To respond to anthropogenic effects on the global climate system, higher education institutions are assessing and aiming to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the carbon footprint of Clemson University’s campus using a streamlined life cycle assessment approach. The carbon footprint sets a baseline for source specific evaluation and future mitigation efforts at Clemson University. Greenhouse gas emission sources presented in this carbon footprint include steam generation, refrigerants, electricity generation, electricity life cycle, various forms of transportation, wastewater treatment, and paper usage. This case study describes the approach used to quantify each greenhouse gas emission source, and discusses data assumptions and life cycles phases included to improve carbon footprint comparison with other higher education institutions. Results show that Clemson University’s carbon footprint for 2014 is approximately 95,000 metric tons CO2-equivalent, and 4.4 metric tons CO2-equivalent per student. Scope 1 emissions accounted for about 19% of the carbon footprint, while Scope 2 and 3 emissions each contributed nearly 41%. The largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions were electricity generation (41%), automotive commuting (18%), and steam generation (16%). Electricity generation from coal was 29% of the electricity generation resource mix and accounted for three-quarters of Clemson University’s GHG emissions associated with electricity.

ACS Style

Raeanne Clabeaux; Michael Carbajales-Dale; David Ladner; Terry Walker. Assessing the carbon footprint of a university campus using a life cycle assessment approach. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 273, 122600 .

AMA Style

Raeanne Clabeaux, Michael Carbajales-Dale, David Ladner, Terry Walker. Assessing the carbon footprint of a university campus using a life cycle assessment approach. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 273 ():122600.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Raeanne Clabeaux; Michael Carbajales-Dale; David Ladner; Terry Walker. 2020. "Assessing the carbon footprint of a university campus using a life cycle assessment approach." Journal of Cleaner Production 273, no. : 122600.

Chapter
Published: 07 April 2020 in AESS Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies and Sciences Series
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We will begin by exploring the relationship between science and the type of human-centric challenges confronted in the nexus of FEW systems. We will then explore the wide range of scales in space and time, which arise in FEW nexus studies. These scales are rooted in factors related to decision-making; natural, political, and cultural geography; ecological functioning; engineering and infrastructure; scientific practice and capabilities; economics; and other considerations such as social structure, politics, culture, demographics, and human aspirations. We review the questions and scales at which we need to measure, collect data, model, and carry out significant computational work on FEW systems. We will explore how communities of science are required for effective research, and communities of practice are required for the effective application of Nexus science to problem-solving in the real world.

ACS Style

Michael Carbajales-Dale; Emre Eftelioglu; Carey W. King; Fernando R. Miralles-Wilhelm; Benjamin L. Ruddell; Peter Saundry; Shashi Shekhar. Questions and Scales. AESS Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies and Sciences Series 2020, 325 -345.

AMA Style

Michael Carbajales-Dale, Emre Eftelioglu, Carey W. King, Fernando R. Miralles-Wilhelm, Benjamin L. Ruddell, Peter Saundry, Shashi Shekhar. Questions and Scales. AESS Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies and Sciences Series. 2020; ():325-345.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Carbajales-Dale; Emre Eftelioglu; Carey W. King; Fernando R. Miralles-Wilhelm; Benjamin L. Ruddell; Peter Saundry; Shashi Shekhar. 2020. "Questions and Scales." AESS Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies and Sciences Series , no. : 325-345.

Chapter
Published: 07 April 2020 in AESS Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies and Sciences Series
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To mitigate the consequences of FEW interdependences and to guide policy action, decision-makers and stakeholders can benefit from using clearly developed indicators and performance metrics. This chapter presents a high-level framework to categorize FEW metrics; demonstrate how different metrics might be favored over others, and explain how metrics and models are used to inform and direct actions. Decision-making and planning are not only about numbers but also honest, clear language to communicate the science and data correctly. Metrics are useful to measure what we value and facilitate effective stakeholder communication, engagement, and decision-making around FEW activities, regulations, and targets. Metrics attempt to capture what society values and society is itself molded by the ongoing effort to bestowing the measured quantities with greater value. Well-defined metrics are crucial for the ability of stakeholders and decision-makers to sift through competing arguments for and against different FEW nexus policies. However, different stakeholders might emphasize one set of metrics over another to focus attention on what they deem most important.

ACS Style

Michael Carbajales-Dale; Carey W. King. Metrics. AESS Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies and Sciences Series 2020, 347 -372.

AMA Style

Michael Carbajales-Dale, Carey W. King. Metrics. AESS Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies and Sciences Series. 2020; ():347-372.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Carbajales-Dale; Carey W. King. 2020. "Metrics." AESS Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies and Sciences Series , no. : 347-372.

Journal article
Published: 28 February 2020 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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This study analyzes datasets from the Energy Information Administration, Environmental Protection Agency, and the U.S. Geological Survey to build a detailed picture of the CO2-eq emissions generated by coal rail transportation over the past decade. We use a GIS-based network analysis to illustrate how coal transportation routes and shipments have changed since 2008. Coal basins are characterized by type and emission intensities, and the scale of transportation emissions are compared to power plant operational emissions. The results show that rail transportation distances range from 0 km to over 3500 km. Transportation emissions can be as high as 35% of a power plant’s operational emissions – a number significantly higher than previous literature estimates. Additionally, implementation of post-combustion Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) at existing plants may further increase transportation emissions. We conclude by recommending using at least regionalized distance factors rather than US-wide averages to more accurately account for transportation emissions within life cycle assessments and carbon footprints of coal power.

ACS Style

John Sherwood; Robert Bickhart; Emily Murawski; Zemin Dhanani; Blake Lytle; Patricia Carbajales-Dale; Michael Carbajales-Dale. Rolling coal: The greenhouse gas emissions of coal rail transport for electricity generation. Journal of Cleaner Production 2020, 259, 120770 .

AMA Style

John Sherwood, Robert Bickhart, Emily Murawski, Zemin Dhanani, Blake Lytle, Patricia Carbajales-Dale, Michael Carbajales-Dale. Rolling coal: The greenhouse gas emissions of coal rail transport for electricity generation. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 259 ():120770.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John Sherwood; Robert Bickhart; Emily Murawski; Zemin Dhanani; Blake Lytle; Patricia Carbajales-Dale; Michael Carbajales-Dale. 2020. "Rolling coal: The greenhouse gas emissions of coal rail transport for electricity generation." Journal of Cleaner Production 259, no. : 120770.

Commentary and discussion article
Published: 13 December 2019 in The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
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In today’s LCA world, one can encounter a variety of LCA practitioners and commissioners from different industries and fields of research who have different levels of expertise, experience, and expectations. Even those with more experience who are actively involved in the field of LCA can have rather varying opinions about what ISO 14044 requires (or does not require) regarding the preparation, critical review, and dissemination of third-party reports in accordance with ISO 14044:2006, clauses 5 and 6 (ISO 2006a). This commentary and discussion paper aims to summarize and discuss the most common misconceptions and ambiguities encountered by the authors in the field. They are presented in two separate subsections to clearly distinguish one from the other, but in no other particular order and without any claim of comprehensiveness. ISO 14044:2006, clause 5.2 mandates that “when results of the LCA are to be communicated to any third party (i.e. interested party other than the commissioner or the practitioner of the study), regardless of the form of communication, a third-party report shall be prepared” (ISO 2006b). Clause 3.46 further defines “interested party” as “individual or group concerned with or affected by the environmental performance of a product system, or by the results of the life cycle assessment” (ibid). As such, the term “third-party report” simply refers to a report prepared to be shared with any third parties other than the commissioner and the practitioner. This also means that even LCA results that are only shared in a business-to-business context require that a third-party report be made available. Clause 5.2 of ISO 14044:2006 states rather clearly that “when results of the LCA are to be communicated to any third party [...], regardless of the form of communication, a third-party report shall be prepared” (ISO 2006b). This requirement does not distinguish between different forms of communicating the LCA results. So, be it marketing collateral, a website, a print ad, a label on a product, an email, or even an oral communication—as long as LCA results are communicated to a third party in any way, a third-party report needs to be prepared. Why? Because clause 5.2 couples the first requirement with a second one: “The third-party report constitutes a reference document, and shall be made available to any third party to whom the communication is made” (ibid). In practical terms, this means that if people are generally expected to believe claims based on an ISO-conformant LCA study, then they are 100% entitled to a likewise conformant third-party report to support them. In addition, note that ISO 14044 further does not differentiate whether the third-party report itself “contains” any comparative assertions, which are defined by clause 3.6 as “environmental claim regarding the superiority or equivalence of one product versus a competing product that performs the same function” (ISO 2006b). Instead, ISO 14044 distinguishes studies, results, or indicators that are “intended to be used in comparative assertions intended to be disclosed to the public” (ibid), and the reporting requirements in 5.2 require that a statement be added to each and every LCA report “as to whether the study intends to support comparative assertions intended to be disclosed to the public” (ibid). Contemporary witnesses can confirm that the comparison of products from competing companies was at the heart of the issue when the ISO requirements around panel review were conceived. However, the language in clause 3.6 about an “environmental claim regarding the superiority or equivalence of one product versus a competing product that performs the same function” (ISO 2006a) is not as narrow. It speaks of “competing products,” not “products from competing companies.” At the very least, and this is rarely disputed in practice, any two products that compete for market share would fall under this language, even if they were made by the same company or two companies owned by the same corporation. After all, ISO 14044, clause 6.1, states that the purpose of such panel reviews is “to decrease the likelihood of misunderstandings or negative effects on external interested parties” (ISO 2006b). When in doubt, it is always better for LCA practitioners and commissioners alike to err on the side of more transparency and scrutiny, rather than the opposite. One can frequently encounter situations where commissioners of LCA studies are more than happy to communicate the results of an LCA study, but they are reluctant or unwilling to share any third-party report with their audience. The reason given usually is that the third-party report contains sensitive information. While confidentiality of business information is a legitimate concern, such restrictions are in direct conflict with the spirit of transparency underlying the reporting requirements in ISO 14044 and not sanctioned by the current language in 5.2, which states that “the third-party report can be based on study documentation that contains confidential information that may not be included in the third-party report” (ISO 2006b). While the extent or even the nature of such confidential information is not discussed in the standard, the intent clearly was not that the entire report can be declared confidential and no third-party report provided at all. In practice, there are several ways to meet the ISO requirement for third-party reports, while at the same addressing concerns about sensitive information: Share the third-party report under NDA Black out or aggregate sensitive information in the report Create a confidential annex, which can be easily removed prior to sharing The last option is, arguably, the most elegant one if it is clear from the beginning of the project that...

ACS Style

Christoph Koffler; Ben Amor; Michael Carbajales-Dale; Joseph Cascio; Alison Conroy; James A. Fava; Caroline Gaudreault; Thomas Gloria; Connie Hensler; Arpad Horvath; Sebastien Humbert; Alessandro Manzardo; Manuele Margni; Philippe Osset; Julie Sinistore; Bruce Vigon; Michele L Wallace; Michael Wang; Martina Prox. On the reporting and review requirements of ISO 14044. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2019, 25, 478 -482.

AMA Style

Christoph Koffler, Ben Amor, Michael Carbajales-Dale, Joseph Cascio, Alison Conroy, James A. Fava, Caroline Gaudreault, Thomas Gloria, Connie Hensler, Arpad Horvath, Sebastien Humbert, Alessandro Manzardo, Manuele Margni, Philippe Osset, Julie Sinistore, Bruce Vigon, Michele L Wallace, Michael Wang, Martina Prox. On the reporting and review requirements of ISO 14044. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 2019; 25 (3):478-482.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Christoph Koffler; Ben Amor; Michael Carbajales-Dale; Joseph Cascio; Alison Conroy; James A. Fava; Caroline Gaudreault; Thomas Gloria; Connie Hensler; Arpad Horvath; Sebastien Humbert; Alessandro Manzardo; Manuele Margni; Philippe Osset; Julie Sinistore; Bruce Vigon; Michele L Wallace; Michael Wang; Martina Prox. 2019. "On the reporting and review requirements of ISO 14044." The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 25, no. 3: 478-482.

Commentary
Published: 03 December 2019 in BioPhysical Economics and Resource Quality
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This paper outlines some very real issues with the use of energy return on investment (EROI) for comparing different energy delivery pathways, particularly when directly comparing EROI calculated at the scale of a single energy facility (as a ratio of full lifetime energy transfers) with that calculated at the scale of a geographical region or industry (as a ratio of annual energy flows). While these two ratios may converge, it is only under a very specific set of circumstances. The aim of this paper is to outline this issue in detail and provide some specific examples of the difference between these two ratios for the global wind and photovoltaics industries.

ACS Style

Michael Carbajales-Dale. When is EROI Not EROI? BioPhysical Economics and Resource Quality 2019, 4, 16 .

AMA Style

Michael Carbajales-Dale. When is EROI Not EROI? BioPhysical Economics and Resource Quality. 2019; 4 (4):16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Carbajales-Dale. 2019. "When is EROI Not EROI?" BioPhysical Economics and Resource Quality 4, no. 4: 16.

Review
Published: 25 November 2019 in Journal of Industrial Ecology
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In recent literature, prospective application of life cycle assessment (LCA) at low technology readiness levels (TRL) has gained immense interest for its potential to enable development of emerging technologies with improved environmental performances. However, limited data, uncertain functionality, scale up issues and uncertainties make it very challenging for the standard LCA guidelines to evaluate emerging technologies and requires methodological advances in the current LCA framework. In this paper, we review published literature to identify major methodological challenges and key research efforts to resolve these issues with a focus on recent developments in five major areas: cross‐study comparability, data availability and quality, scale‐up issues, uncertainty and uncertainty communication, and assessment time. We also provide a number of recommendations for future research to support the evaluation of emerging technologies at low technology readiness levels: (a) the development of a consistent framework and reporting methods for LCA of emerging technologies; (b) the integration of other tools with LCA, such as multicriteria decision analysis, risk analysis, technoeconomic analysis; and (c) the development of a data repository for emerging materials, processes, and technologies.

ACS Style

Sheikh Moniruzzaman Moni; Roksana Mahmud; Karen High; Michael Carbajales-Dale. Life cycle assessment of emerging technologies: A review. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2019, 24, 52 -63.

AMA Style

Sheikh Moniruzzaman Moni, Roksana Mahmud, Karen High, Michael Carbajales-Dale. Life cycle assessment of emerging technologies: A review. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2019; 24 (1):52-63.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sheikh Moniruzzaman Moni; Roksana Mahmud; Karen High; Michael Carbajales-Dale. 2019. "Life cycle assessment of emerging technologies: A review." Journal of Industrial Ecology 24, no. 1: 52-63.

Journal article
Published: 15 October 2019 in Journal of Industrial Ecology
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) analysts are increasingly being asked to conduct life cycle‐based systems level analysis at the earliest stages of technology development. While early assessments provide the greatest opportunity to influence design and ultimately environmental performance, it is the stage with the least available data, greatest uncertainty, and a paucity of analytic tools for addressing these challenges. While the fundamental approach to conducting an LCA of emerging technologies is akin to that of LCA of existing technologies, emerging technologies pose additional challenges. In this paper, we present a broad set of market and technology characteristics that typically influence an LCA of emerging technologies and identify questions that researchers must address to account for the most important aspects of the systems they are studying. The paper presents: (a) guidance to identify the specific technology characteristics and dynamic market context that are most relevant and unique to a particular study, (b) an overview of the challenges faced by early stage assessments that are unique because of these conditions, (c) questions that researchers should ask themselves for such a study to be conducted, and (d) illustrative examples from the transportation sector to demonstrate the factors to consider when conducting LCAs of emerging technologies. The paper is intended to be used as an organizing platform to synthesize existing methods, procedures and insights and guide researchers, analysts and technology developer to better recognize key study design elements and to manage expectations of study outcomes.

ACS Style

Joule A. Bergerson; Adam Brandt; Joe Cresko; Michael Carbajales-Dale; Heather L. MacLean; H. Scott Matthews; Sean McCoy; Marcelle McManus; Shelie A. Miller; William R. Morrow; I. Daniel Posen; Thomas Seager; Timothy Skone; Sylvia Sleep. Life cycle assessment of emerging technologies: Evaluation techniques at different stages of market and technical maturity. Journal of Industrial Ecology 2019, 24, 11 -25.

AMA Style

Joule A. Bergerson, Adam Brandt, Joe Cresko, Michael Carbajales-Dale, Heather L. MacLean, H. Scott Matthews, Sean McCoy, Marcelle McManus, Shelie A. Miller, William R. Morrow, I. Daniel Posen, Thomas Seager, Timothy Skone, Sylvia Sleep. Life cycle assessment of emerging technologies: Evaluation techniques at different stages of market and technical maturity. Journal of Industrial Ecology. 2019; 24 (1):11-25.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joule A. Bergerson; Adam Brandt; Joe Cresko; Michael Carbajales-Dale; Heather L. MacLean; H. Scott Matthews; Sean McCoy; Marcelle McManus; Shelie A. Miller; William R. Morrow; I. Daniel Posen; Thomas Seager; Timothy Skone; Sylvia Sleep. 2019. "Life cycle assessment of emerging technologies: Evaluation techniques at different stages of market and technical maturity." Journal of Industrial Ecology 24, no. 1: 11-25.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2019 in Joule
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ACS Style

Patricia J. Levi; Simon Davidsson Kurland; Michael Carbajales-Dale; John P. Weyant; Adam R. Brandt; Sally M. Benson. Macro-Energy Systems: Toward a New Discipline. Joule 2019, 3, 2282 -2286.

AMA Style

Patricia J. Levi, Simon Davidsson Kurland, Michael Carbajales-Dale, John P. Weyant, Adam R. Brandt, Sally M. Benson. Macro-Energy Systems: Toward a New Discipline. Joule. 2019; 3 (10):2282-2286.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patricia J. Levi; Simon Davidsson Kurland; Michael Carbajales-Dale; John P. Weyant; Adam R. Brandt; Sally M. Benson. 2019. "Macro-Energy Systems: Toward a New Discipline." Joule 3, no. 10: 2282-2286.

Journal article
Published: 12 August 2019 in Annals of Operations Research
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Generating electricity by co-combusting biomass and coal, known as biomass cofiring, is shown to be an economically attractive option for coal-fired power plants to comply with emission regulations. However, the total carbon footprint of the associated supply chain still needs to be carefully investigated. In this study we propose a stochastic biobjective optimization model to analyze the economic and environmental impacts of biopower supply chains. We use a life cycle assessment approach to derive the emission factors used in the environmental objective function. We use chance constraints to capture the uncertain nature of energy content of biomass feedstocks. We propose a cutting plane algorithm which uses the sample average approximation method to model the chance constraints and finds high confidence feasible solutions. In order to find Pareto optimal solutions we propose a heuristic approach which integrates the \(\epsilon \)-constraint method with the cutting plane algorithm. We show that the developed approach provides a set of local Pareto optimal solutions with high confidence and reasonable computational time. We develop a case study using data about biomass and coal plants in North and South Carolina. The results indicate that, cofiring of biomass in these states can reduce emissions by up to 8%. Increasing the amount of biomass cofired will not result in lower emissions due to biomass delivery.

ACS Style

Hadi Karimi; Sandra D. Ekşioğlu; Michael Carbajales-Dale. A biobjective chance constrained optimization model to evaluate the economic and environmental impacts of biopower supply chains. Annals of Operations Research 2019, 296, 95 -130.

AMA Style

Hadi Karimi, Sandra D. Ekşioğlu, Michael Carbajales-Dale. A biobjective chance constrained optimization model to evaluate the economic and environmental impacts of biopower supply chains. Annals of Operations Research. 2019; 296 (1-2):95-130.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hadi Karimi; Sandra D. Ekşioğlu; Michael Carbajales-Dale. 2019. "A biobjective chance constrained optimization model to evaluate the economic and environmental impacts of biopower supply chains." Annals of Operations Research 296, no. 1-2: 95-130.

Journal article
Published: 08 April 2019 in Nature Energy
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Carbon capture and storage (CCS) for fossil-fuel power plants is perceived as a critical technology for climate mitigation. Nevertheless, limited installed capacity to date raises concerns about the ability of CCS to scale sufficiently. Conversely, scalable renewable electricity installations—solar and wind—are already deployed at scale and have demonstrated a rapid expansion potential. Here we show that power-sector CO2 emission reductions accomplished by investing in renewable technologies generally provide a better energetic return than CCS. We estimate the electrical energy return on energy invested ratio of CCS projects, accounting for their operational and infrastructural energy penalties, to range between 6.6:1 and 21.3:1 for 90% capture ratio and 85% capacity factor. These values compare unfavourably with dispatchable scalable renewable electricity with storage, which ranges from 9:1 to 30+:1 under realistic configurations. Therefore, renewables plus storage provide a more energetically effective approach to climate mitigation than constructing CCS fossil-fuel power stations.

ACS Style

Sgouris Sgouridis; Michael Carbajales-Dale; Denes Csala; Matteo Chiesa; Ugo Bardi. Comparative net energy analysis of renewable electricity and carbon capture and storage. Nature Energy 2019, 4, 456 -465.

AMA Style

Sgouris Sgouridis, Michael Carbajales-Dale, Denes Csala, Matteo Chiesa, Ugo Bardi. Comparative net energy analysis of renewable electricity and carbon capture and storage. Nature Energy. 2019; 4 (6):456-465.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sgouris Sgouridis; Michael Carbajales-Dale; Denes Csala; Matteo Chiesa; Ugo Bardi. 2019. "Comparative net energy analysis of renewable electricity and carbon capture and storage." Nature Energy 4, no. 6: 456-465.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2018 in The Journal of South Carolina Water Resources
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The U.S. EPA Toxic Release Inventory has been available since 1987 as a record of industrial releases of toxic chemicals following the 1986 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act. Combining this release data with estimates of relative toxicity of these chemicals to aquatic systems increases the value of the database by providing a common basis for comparison. The Tool for Reduction and Assessment of Chemicals and Other Environmental Impacts is a database of characterization factors to assess environmental impacts. It was used to develop relative ecotoxicity impacts and interpreted using Life Cycle Assessment concepts. The visualization software Tableau was used to generate representations of the preliminary results in this communication. The major potential sources of aquatic toxicity have been identified for South Carolina by industry type and by year over the period 1987–2016. The possibility of toxicity from releases of zinc compounds from power generation and pulp and paper mills far exceeds all other sources. Zinc compounds dominated the potential ecotoxicity over the full time period 1987–2016.

ACS Style

Theodore Langlois; Michael Carbajales-Dale; Elizabeth Carraway. Visualizing Relative Potential for Aquatic Ecosystem Toxicity Using the EPA Toxics Release Inventory and Life Cycle Assessment Methods. The Journal of South Carolina Water Resources 2018, 5, 61 -67.

AMA Style

Theodore Langlois, Michael Carbajales-Dale, Elizabeth Carraway. Visualizing Relative Potential for Aquatic Ecosystem Toxicity Using the EPA Toxics Release Inventory and Life Cycle Assessment Methods. The Journal of South Carolina Water Resources. 2018; 5 (5):61-67.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Theodore Langlois; Michael Carbajales-Dale; Elizabeth Carraway. 2018. "Visualizing Relative Potential for Aquatic Ecosystem Toxicity Using the EPA Toxics Release Inventory and Life Cycle Assessment Methods." The Journal of South Carolina Water Resources 5, no. 5: 61-67.

Original paper
Published: 06 March 2018 in BioPhysical Economics and Resource Quality
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Energy and human's ability to transform energy into useful work has been the cornerstone of the development of civilizations. Throughout the majority of human existence, we relied solely on metabolic energy derived from plants and animals. In only a few centuries, society has almost completely transformed, from relying on somatic energy to become almost entirely dependent on fossil fuels. The combustion of hydrocarbon energy resources has had detrimental impacts on our environment, which has initiated a push for clean energy. This research study explores the metabolic energy output of humans, specifically within an exercise facility, to evaluate the feasibility of electrical power to be sustained from human-powered energy. Two rowing workouts were evaluated and then compared to solar photovoltaic as an alternative renewable energy. The result of the study demonstrates that 40 members of various physical abilities can collaboratively provide 3–5% of the gym’s average daily electricity demand if converted at an efficiency of 64%. The cost of converting the rowing machines resulted in a 33-year payback period.

ACS Style

Michael Carbajales-Dale; Benjamin Douglass. Human-Powered Electricity Generation as a Renewable Resource. BioPhysical Economics and Resource Quality 2018, 3, 3 .

AMA Style

Michael Carbajales-Dale, Benjamin Douglass. Human-Powered Electricity Generation as a Renewable Resource. BioPhysical Economics and Resource Quality. 2018; 3 (1):3.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Carbajales-Dale; Benjamin Douglass. 2018. "Human-Powered Electricity Generation as a Renewable Resource." BioPhysical Economics and Resource Quality 3, no. 1: 3.

Journals
Published: 16 January 2018 in Energy & Environmental Science
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This paper compared different photovoltaic technologies by using the method in the plot.

ACS Style

Zikai Zhou; Michael Carbajales-Dale. Assessing the photovoltaic technology landscape: efficiency and energy return on investment (EROI). Energy & Environmental Science 2018, 11, 603 -608.

AMA Style

Zikai Zhou, Michael Carbajales-Dale. Assessing the photovoltaic technology landscape: efficiency and energy return on investment (EROI). Energy & Environmental Science. 2018; 11 (3):603-608.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zikai Zhou; Michael Carbajales-Dale. 2018. "Assessing the photovoltaic technology landscape: efficiency and energy return on investment (EROI)." Energy & Environmental Science 11, no. 3: 603-608.

Letter
Published: 27 September 2017 in Environmental Research Letters
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We developed a physically-based environmental account of US food production systems and integrated these data into the environmental-input–output life cycle assessment (EIO-LCA) model. The extended model was used to characterize the food, energy, and water (FEW) intensities of every US economic sector. The model was then applied to every Bureau of Economic Analysis metropolitan statistical area (MSA) to determine their FEW usages. The extended EIO-LCA model can determine the water resource use (kGal), energy resource use (TJ), and food resource use in units of mass (kg) or energy content (kcal) of any economic activity within the United States. We analyzed every economic sector to determine its FEW intensities per dollar of economic output. This data was applied to each of the 382 MSAs to determine their total and per dollar of GDP FEW usages by allocating MSA economic production to the corresponding FEW intensities of US economic sectors. Additionally, a longitudinal study was performed for the Los Angeles–Long Beach–Anaheim, CA, metropolitan statistical area to examine trends from this singular MSA and compare it to the overall results. Results show a strong correlation between GDP and energy use, and between food and water use across MSAs. There is also a correlation between GDP and greenhouse gas emissions. The longitudinal study indicates that these correlations can shift alongside a shifting industrial composition. Comparing MSAs on a per GDP basis reveals that central and southern California tend to be more resource intensive than many other parts of the country, while much of Florida has abnormally low resource requirements. Results of this study enable a more complete understanding of food, energy, and water as key ingredients to a functioning economy. With the addition of the food data to the EIO-LCA framework, researchers will be able to better study the food–energy–water nexus and gain insight into how these three vital resources are interconnected. Applying this extended model to MSAs has demonstrated that all three resources are important to a MSA's vitality, though the exact proportion of each resource may differ across urban areas.

ACS Style

John Sherwood; Raeanne Clabeaux; Michael Carbajales-Dale. An extended environmental input–output lifecycle assessment model to study the urban food–energy–water nexus. Environmental Research Letters 2017, 12, 105003 .

AMA Style

John Sherwood, Raeanne Clabeaux, Michael Carbajales-Dale. An extended environmental input–output lifecycle assessment model to study the urban food–energy–water nexus. Environmental Research Letters. 2017; 12 (10):105003.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John Sherwood; Raeanne Clabeaux; Michael Carbajales-Dale. 2017. "An extended environmental input–output lifecycle assessment model to study the urban food–energy–water nexus." Environmental Research Letters 12, no. 10: 105003.

Original paper
Published: 17 June 2017 in BioPhysical Economics and Resource Quality
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Industrialized society will transition away from dependence on non-renewable resources (fossil fuels, in particular) sometime in the foreseeable future. How disruptive this transition will be to the economy and societal well-being is unknown, particularly if there are any sudden resource supply constraints. However, the effects of resource supply constraints on an economy, or models of the interdependent relationship between the economy and natural capital overall have not been thoroughly developed. One problem is that traditional models of the economy assume linear growth, while highly interdependent industrialized economies may behave more like a complex adaptive system with non-linear, path-dependent, and unexpected growth trajectories. Agent-based models have been shown to successfully model important aspects of a complex adaptive economy. This paper uses an agent-based model to demonstrate potential economic impacts for industrialized economies in the face of a sudden resource supply constraint. Economic “agents” mine resources and invent technology. Through trade and specialization, the economy evolves from a collection of self-sustaining, resource-poor agents to a society with a high degree of interdependence and wealth. Economic growth, however, comes with a cost; the interdependence that arises from specialization and trade also leads to a less resilient economy. Unexpected, large economic collapse can arise from a shock to even a single resource, due to each resource’s interdependent role in the economy.

ACS Style

John Sherwood; Anthony Ditta; Becky Haney; Loren Haarsma; Michael Carbajales-Dale. Resource Criticality in Modern Economies: Agent-Based Model Demonstrates Vulnerabilities from Technological Interdependence. BioPhysical Economics and Resource Quality 2017, 2, 9 .

AMA Style

John Sherwood, Anthony Ditta, Becky Haney, Loren Haarsma, Michael Carbajales-Dale. Resource Criticality in Modern Economies: Agent-Based Model Demonstrates Vulnerabilities from Technological Interdependence. BioPhysical Economics and Resource Quality. 2017; 2 (3):9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

John Sherwood; Anthony Ditta; Becky Haney; Loren Haarsma; Michael Carbajales-Dale. 2017. "Resource Criticality in Modern Economies: Agent-Based Model Demonstrates Vulnerabilities from Technological Interdependence." BioPhysical Economics and Resource Quality 2, no. 3: 9.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2017 in Energy Policy
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Marco Raugei; Sgouris Sgouridis; David Murphy; Vasilis Fthenakis; Rolf Frischknecht; Christian Breyer; Ugo Bardi; Charles Barnhart; Alastair Buckley; Michael Carbajales-Dale; Dénes Csala; Mariska de Wild-Scholten; Garvin Heath; Arnulf Jäger-Waldau; Christopher Jones; Arthur Keller; Enrica Leccisi; Pierluigi Mancarella; Nicola Pearsall; Adam Siegel; Wim Sinke; Philippe Stolz. Energy Return on Energy Invested (ERoEI) for photovoltaic solar systems in regions of moderate insolation: A comprehensive response. Energy Policy 2017, 102, 377 -384.

AMA Style

Marco Raugei, Sgouris Sgouridis, David Murphy, Vasilis Fthenakis, Rolf Frischknecht, Christian Breyer, Ugo Bardi, Charles Barnhart, Alastair Buckley, Michael Carbajales-Dale, Dénes Csala, Mariska de Wild-Scholten, Garvin Heath, Arnulf Jäger-Waldau, Christopher Jones, Arthur Keller, Enrica Leccisi, Pierluigi Mancarella, Nicola Pearsall, Adam Siegel, Wim Sinke, Philippe Stolz. Energy Return on Energy Invested (ERoEI) for photovoltaic solar systems in regions of moderate insolation: A comprehensive response. Energy Policy. 2017; 102 ():377-384.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marco Raugei; Sgouris Sgouridis; David Murphy; Vasilis Fthenakis; Rolf Frischknecht; Christian Breyer; Ugo Bardi; Charles Barnhart; Alastair Buckley; Michael Carbajales-Dale; Dénes Csala; Mariska de Wild-Scholten; Garvin Heath; Arnulf Jäger-Waldau; Christopher Jones; Arthur Keller; Enrica Leccisi; Pierluigi Mancarella; Nicola Pearsall; Adam Siegel; Wim Sinke; Philippe Stolz. 2017. "Energy Return on Energy Invested (ERoEI) for photovoltaic solar systems in regions of moderate insolation: A comprehensive response." Energy Policy 102, no. : 377-384.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2017 in Wind Energy Engineering
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ACS Style

AbuBakr S. Bahaj; Charles J. Barnhart; Subhamoy Bhattacharya; Michael Carbajales-Dale; Liang Cui; Kaoshan Dai; Beatrice Dower; Ergin Erdem; Lauha Fried; Kewei Gao; Pei-Yang Guo; Anca D. Hansen; Martin O.L. Hansen; Yi Hong; Zhenhua Huang; Saleh Jalbi; Patrick A.B. James; Alexander Kalmikov; Jacqueline Lam; Trevor M. Letcher; Victor O.K. Li; Junwei Liu; Domenico Lombardi; Susana Lopez-Querol; Xi Lu; Matthias Luther; Michael B. McElroy; Gavin M. Mudd; George Nikitas; Ryan O’Connor; Adam M. Ragheb; Magdi Ragheb; Kurt Rohrig; Steve Sawyer; Michael S. Selig; Masoud Shadlou; Shuangwen Sheng; Jing Shi; Shruti Shukla; T. Bruce Tsuchida; Marc Van Grieken; Lizhong Wang; Jurgen Weiss; Zhehan Weng; Robert Whittlesey; Wilhelm Winter; Dan-Yang Zhu. List of Contributors. Wind Energy Engineering 2017, 1 .

AMA Style

AbuBakr S. Bahaj, Charles J. Barnhart, Subhamoy Bhattacharya, Michael Carbajales-Dale, Liang Cui, Kaoshan Dai, Beatrice Dower, Ergin Erdem, Lauha Fried, Kewei Gao, Pei-Yang Guo, Anca D. Hansen, Martin O.L. Hansen, Yi Hong, Zhenhua Huang, Saleh Jalbi, Patrick A.B. James, Alexander Kalmikov, Jacqueline Lam, Trevor M. Letcher, Victor O.K. Li, Junwei Liu, Domenico Lombardi, Susana Lopez-Querol, Xi Lu, Matthias Luther, Michael B. McElroy, Gavin M. Mudd, George Nikitas, Ryan O’Connor, Adam M. Ragheb, Magdi Ragheb, Kurt Rohrig, Steve Sawyer, Michael S. Selig, Masoud Shadlou, Shuangwen Sheng, Jing Shi, Shruti Shukla, T. Bruce Tsuchida, Marc Van Grieken, Lizhong Wang, Jurgen Weiss, Zhehan Weng, Robert Whittlesey, Wilhelm Winter, Dan-Yang Zhu. List of Contributors. Wind Energy Engineering. 2017; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

AbuBakr S. Bahaj; Charles J. Barnhart; Subhamoy Bhattacharya; Michael Carbajales-Dale; Liang Cui; Kaoshan Dai; Beatrice Dower; Ergin Erdem; Lauha Fried; Kewei Gao; Pei-Yang Guo; Anca D. Hansen; Martin O.L. Hansen; Yi Hong; Zhenhua Huang; Saleh Jalbi; Patrick A.B. James; Alexander Kalmikov; Jacqueline Lam; Trevor M. Letcher; Victor O.K. Li; Junwei Liu; Domenico Lombardi; Susana Lopez-Querol; Xi Lu; Matthias Luther; Michael B. McElroy; Gavin M. Mudd; George Nikitas; Ryan O’Connor; Adam M. Ragheb; Magdi Ragheb; Kurt Rohrig; Steve Sawyer; Michael S. Selig; Masoud Shadlou; Shuangwen Sheng; Jing Shi; Shruti Shukla; T. Bruce Tsuchida; Marc Van Grieken; Lizhong Wang; Jurgen Weiss; Zhehan Weng; Robert Whittlesey; Wilhelm Winter; Dan-Yang Zhu. 2017. "List of Contributors." Wind Energy Engineering , no. : 1.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2017 in Wind Energy Engineering
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ACS Style

Michael Carbajales-Dale. Life Cycle Assessment. Wind Energy Engineering 2017, 439 -473.

AMA Style

Michael Carbajales-Dale. Life Cycle Assessment. Wind Energy Engineering. 2017; ():439-473.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Michael Carbajales-Dale. 2017. "Life Cycle Assessment." Wind Energy Engineering , no. : 439-473.