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The main goal of the paper was to numerically analyse the risk of overheating of the Energy Activated External Thermal Insulation Composite System (En-ActivETICS) as an example of Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV). The analyses were conducted with the coupled power flow method (thermal and electrical) for 20 European cities. All locations were analysed considering the local climate in the context of building performance simulation as well as electricity production. The obtained results allowed for the determination of the risk of overheating, which can influence system durability, accelerated thermal ageing, and overall performance. It was revealed that the risk of overheating above 80 °C is possible in almost all locations; however, the intensity considerably differs between southern and northern Europe. The effect of latent heat storage for better thermal stabilization and overall performance was determined numerically for all locations. Finally, the improved solution with a phase change material (PCM) layer beside the PV panel was proposed individually for specific climatic zones, considering the required heat capacity. The maximum panel temperature for improved En-ActivETICS does not exceed 85 °C for any location.
Dariusz Heim; Anna Wieprzkowicz; Dominika Knera; Simo Ilomets; Targo Kalamees; Zdenko Špitalský. Towards Improving the Durability and Overall Performance of PV-ETICS by Application of a PCM Layer. Applied Sciences 2021, 11, 4667 .
AMA StyleDariusz Heim, Anna Wieprzkowicz, Dominika Knera, Simo Ilomets, Targo Kalamees, Zdenko Špitalský. Towards Improving the Durability and Overall Performance of PV-ETICS by Application of a PCM Layer. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11 (10):4667.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDariusz Heim; Anna Wieprzkowicz; Dominika Knera; Simo Ilomets; Targo Kalamees; Zdenko Špitalský. 2021. "Towards Improving the Durability and Overall Performance of PV-ETICS by Application of a PCM Layer." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10: 4667.
Detailed analyses of melting processes in phase change material (PCM) glazing units, changes of direct transmittance as well as investigation of refraction index were provided based on laboratory measurements. The main goal of the study was to determine the direct light transmittance versus time under constant solar radiation intensity and stable temperature of the surrounding air. The experiment was conducted on a triple glazed unit with one cavity filled with a paraffin RT21HC as a PCM. The unit was installed in a special holder and exposed to the radiation from an artificial sun. The vertical illuminance was measured by luxmeters and compared with a reference case to determine the direct light transmittance. The transmittance was determined for the whole period of measurements when some specific artefacts were identified and theoretically explained based on values of refractive indexes for paraffins in the solid and liquid state, and for a glass. The melting process of a PCM in a glass unit was identified as a complex one, with interreflections and refraction of light on semi layers characterized by a different physical states (solid, liquid or mushy). These optical phenomena caused nonuniformity in light transmittance, especially when the PCM is in a mushy state. It was revealed that light transmittance versus temperature cannot be treated as a linear function.
Dariusz Heim; Michał Krempski-Smejda; Pablo Roberto Dellicompagni; Dominika Knera; Anna Wieprzkowicz; Judith Franco. Dynamics of Melting Process in Phase Change Material Windows Determined Based on Direct Light Transmission. Energies 2021, 14, 721 .
AMA StyleDariusz Heim, Michał Krempski-Smejda, Pablo Roberto Dellicompagni, Dominika Knera, Anna Wieprzkowicz, Judith Franco. Dynamics of Melting Process in Phase Change Material Windows Determined Based on Direct Light Transmission. Energies. 2021; 14 (3):721.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDariusz Heim; Michał Krempski-Smejda; Pablo Roberto Dellicompagni; Dominika Knera; Anna Wieprzkowicz; Judith Franco. 2021. "Dynamics of Melting Process in Phase Change Material Windows Determined Based on Direct Light Transmission." Energies 14, no. 3: 721.
Modification of a glazing unit by application of PCM layer can lead to the increase of the heat capacity of the component and effective control of solar heat gains in buildings. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the PCM layer on total solar and visual transmittance in solid, mushy (transition) and liquid state of PCM. The experiment was conducted in laboratory scale using triple glazed window unit sample and artificial sun as a source of solar radiation. The transmittance (total and visual) was calculated based on the results from pyranometers and illuminance meters taking into account the intensity of solar radiation at the level of 1000 W/m2. Measurements revealed that the component is almost blind in the solid state why in the liquid the transmittance is lower than for empty - traditional triple glazing. The transmitted radiation (total and visible) depends on the location of PCM layer (internal or external window chamber). The registered total solar radiation obtained in solid state was even 0 W/m2 (when material was on the inner side), while the maximum values for liquid was 142 W/m2 (material is located on the outer side). The light transmittance for more transparent case was around 1.6 klx and ten times higher in liquid than solid state.
D Heim; D Knera; M Krempski-Smejda; Anna Wieprzkowicz. Determination of total solar and visual radiation transmitted through triple glazing component with PCM layer. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2018, 415, 012041 .
AMA StyleD Heim, D Knera, M Krempski-Smejda, Anna Wieprzkowicz. Determination of total solar and visual radiation transmitted through triple glazing component with PCM layer. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018; 415 (1):012041.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD Heim; D Knera; M Krempski-Smejda; Anna Wieprzkowicz. 2018. "Determination of total solar and visual radiation transmitted through triple glazing component with PCM layer." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 415, no. 1: 012041.
The paper presents comparative analysis of daylight conditions in office room simulated with two techniques of sky and surrounding modelling. The luminance distribution in the surrounding environment was determined using CIE standard sky model and image based lighting (IBL) technique. In IBL method the sky and surrounding environment was defined by high dynamic range (HDR) image. Used HDR images were captured by camera with fisheye lens with 180° viewing angle which enables the projection of the entire hemisphere of the sky and surrounding environment. Determination of daylight conditions were performed for two days characterised by overcast sky conditions. Simulations were conducted using Radiance Lighting Simulation and Visualization software. Obtained results show differences in luminance and illuminance distribution in analysed room for both techniques of sky and surrounding modelling. Reason of the observed divergences is uneven cloud layer distribution at HDR images and influence of surrounding environment visible at HDR images. IBL technique allow more precise modelling of daylight distribution, especially in urban environment where surrounding buildings and vegetation significantly effect on the light availability.
D Knera; D Heim. Determination of daylight conditions in office room using digital images as a light source. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2018, 415, 012040 .
AMA StyleD Knera, D Heim. Determination of daylight conditions in office room using digital images as a light source. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2018; 415 (1):012040.
Chicago/Turabian StyleD Knera; D Heim. 2018. "Determination of daylight conditions in office room using digital images as a light source." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 415, no. 1: 012040.
Modern office and public buildings have to meet the requirement of zero-emission buildings through high insulation and integration of renewable energy sources on the own premises. The presented paper is devoted to exploring a BIPV facade potential as a source of electricity for supplementary lighting in an office room during winter. Analysis was carried out, for a typical office room with window centrally located in the facade, using simulation tool ESP-r for energy performance and Daysim for daylight luminance distribution calculation. Results indicate that electrical energy generated by BIPV cover supplementary lighting only in the room with south oriented façade.
Dominika Knera; Eliza Szczepańska-Rosiak; Dariusz Heim. Potential of PV Façade for Supplementary Lighting in Winter. Energy Procedia 2015, 78, 2651 -2656.
AMA StyleDominika Knera, Eliza Szczepańska-Rosiak, Dariusz Heim. Potential of PV Façade for Supplementary Lighting in Winter. Energy Procedia. 2015; 78 ():2651-2656.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDominika Knera; Eliza Szczepańska-Rosiak; Dariusz Heim. 2015. "Potential of PV Façade for Supplementary Lighting in Winter." Energy Procedia 78, no. : 2651-2656.