Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a significant pathogenic virus with up to 100% morbidity and 91% mortality rates, especially in unvaccinated puppies. The emergence of new strains, interspecies transmission, and vaccine effectiveness can be enabled by just a few base changes in the CPV genome. Therefore, to cope with CPV disease, it is important to identify the viral agent and regularly monitor vaccine effectiveness against new strains. The present study has investigated CPV’s genetic profile in Turkey by collecting 80 samples from dogs in Turkey between 2020 and 2022. These samples and all sequences previously studied for CPV in Turkey were analyzed for whole-genome sequences, nationwide strain distribution over the two years, and the central Turkey prevalence rate. Next-generation sequencing was used for the genome study, Sanger sequencing for strain detection, and PCR for the prevalence analyses. The CPV-2 variants circulating in Turkey form their own cluster while being closely related to Egypt variants. Substantial amino acid changes were detected in antigenically important regions of the VP2 gene. Moreover, CPV-2b has become the most frequent genotype in this region, while the incidence of CPV-2c is predicted to increase gradually over the coming years. The prevalence of CPV in central Turkey was 86.27%. This study thus provides powerful insights to further our understanding of CPV’s genetic profile in Turkey and suggests that up-to-date vaccination efficacy studies are urgently needed.

Background: Determining the complete genome sequence data of adenoviruses has recently become greatly important due to their use by scientists as vectors in cancer studies and other fields, including vaccine development. However, the GenBank database currently has few complete genome sequences of adenoviruses, which are known for their large genomes. To address this gap, we analysed next‐generation sequencing data obtained from our previous study to provide the complete genome sequence of the canine adenovirus‐2 strain.Methods: For the obtained canine adenovirus‐2 strain (OQ596341), comparative genomics, recombination and phylogenetic analysis were conducted. This sequence was compared and phylogenetically analysed with the 20 complete genome sequences of canine adenovirus previously reported in GenBank worldwide, as well as partial E3 ORFA sequences obtained from Türkiye.Results: The nucleotide similarity rates of the sequence obtained from this study with other CAdV‐2 whole genomes are over 99.04%. The gene alignment results reveal that the OQ596341 was found to be closely related to the AC000020 reference genome and LC557011. There are two recombination events related to the genome in this study. Comparisons with other complete genome sequences revealed several previously unseen mutations. These mutations include H34Y in the E1A gene; P55A in the E1B 55K gene; D13N and D202N in the IVa2 gene; K679R, V934I and K989N in the Pol gene; E205K in the pTP gene; T455A in the pIIIa gene; A310V in the V gene; G151R in the protease gene; E268K in the 100K gene; G66S and G141S in the 33K gene; T14A, E250K, D287N and I293T in the E3 ORFA gene; and L193F in the E434K gene. Moreover, a comparison with partial sequences obtained from Türkiye revealed the E250K mutation in the E3 ORFA gene, which we report for the first time in Türkiye.Conclusions: The complete CAdV‐2 genome sequence obtained in the present study is the first sequence from Europe. Comparative analysis with other genomes revealed some unique mutations. This study is the first to report the E250K amino acid change in the E3 ORFA gene in Türkiye. We anticipate that this data can be used in future CAdV‐2 vaccine development studies. Further studies are recommended to evaluate the impact of these mutations on viral tropism and other host interactions.

BCoV can be spread by animal activity. Despite the widespread cattle farming in the region, limited studies exist in Turkey about BCoV. The aim of this study was to reveal the latest aspects in Turkey about BCoV and evaluate the data. This is the first study reporting the full-length sequences of S genes of BCoV in Turkey.In this study samples were collected from 119 cattle, presenting clinical signs of respiratory (n=78) or digestive tract infection (n=41) in distinctive farms located in widely different provinces of Turkey. Samples were screened for bovine coronavirus (BCoV) by a RT-nested PCR targeting the N gene. BCoV was found positive in 35 samples (9 faeces and 26 nasal discharge) and RT-PCR analysis of the S gene was performed. The partial/full-length S gene sequences were able to be obtained from 11 samples (8 faeces and 3 nasal discharge). Phylogenetic tree of the S gene sequences was analyzed for the genetic relationships among BCoVs from Turkey and other countries. Results showed that many different amino acid changes exist in local strains and these changes were persistent in faeces and nasal discharge origin. Likewise, some nucleotide and amino acid changes were compatible with previous studies which have critical importance for tropism. These results could represent a novelty in the current literature adding new data on BCoV from Turkey and these data could have potentially positive effects on the vaccination approach and control strategies due to lack of information.

The viral genome of Canine parvovirus comprises four primary genes: NS1, NS2, VP1, and VP2. NS1 and NS2 are primarily involved in viral replication and the suppression of host intracellular mechanisms, while VP1 and VP2 encode the structural components of the viral capsid. In this study, all available Canine parvovirus sequences deposited in NCBI up to March 20, 2025, were analyzed using MAFFT, Geneious Prime and Swiss Model. For each gene, both completely conserved and highly variable residues were identified, structural modeling was conducted using the consensus data. Our analysis showed that NS1 and NS2 residues were completely conserved at 57.18% and 56.36%, respectively, whereas the rates for VP1 and VP2 were 5.22% and 3.25%. The proportion of highly variable residues was 1.64% for NS1, 4.24% for NS2, 1.92% for VP1, and 2.05% for VP2. Notably, the number of VP1 and VP2 sequences in the dataset was approximately ten times higher than that of NS1 and NS2. Within the VP2 protein, approximately 75% of the highly variable residues were located in the three-fold spikes, which include critical positions such as A297, G300, N426, and T440. At position 426, global strains showed N (CPV-2a) in 43.2%, D (CPV-2b) in 19.1%, and E (CPV-2c) in 37.5% of sequences. Previous studies have also reported K and I substitutions at this site. These findings offer a valuable reference dataset that may support future Canine parvovirus vaccine design and epitope mapping studies.

This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Canine Adenovirus (CAV), Canine Parainfluenza Virus (CPIV), Canine Influenza Virus (CIV), Canine Herpesvirus 1 (CHV-1), and Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) infections among shelter dogs in Yozgat Province, Türkiye. A total of 182 blood samples were collected from dogs housed in shelters located in Yozgat city center and the districts of Sorgun and Sefaatli. The sera were tested using commercial ELISA kits to detect antibodies against CAV, CPIV, CIV, CHV-1, and CDV. Among the samples analyzed, 28 (15.38%) were seropositive for CAV, 17 (9.34%) for CPIV, 16 (8.79%) for CIV, 10 (5.4%) for CHV-1, and 13 (7.14%) for CDV. Breed-based evaluation was not performed due to the inclusion of mixed-breed dogs of various genders and ages. The findings indicate that these viral infections are present at varying levels among shelter dogs in Yozgat Province. The study highlights that CAV had the highest seroprevalence, followed by CPIV, CIV, CDV, and CHV-1. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that the examined canine viruses are circulating in the region, and further studies involving larger populations are needed to better understand their epidemiology and to raise awareness among local veterinarians.