The complex microenvironment of wounds, along with challenges such as microbial infections, tissue damage, and inflammatory responses during the healing process, renders wound repair a complex medical issue. Owing to their ease of administration, effective outcomes, and painless application, biomacromolecule-based wound dressings have become a focal point in current clinical research. In recent years, hydrogels, microneedles, and electrospun nanofibers have emerged as three novel types of wound dressings. By influencing various stages of healing, they have notably enhanced chronic wound healing outcomes and hold considerable potential for wound repair applications. This review describes the preparation methods, classification, and applications of hydrogels, microneedles, and electrospun nanofibers around the various stages of wound healing, clarifying the healing-promoting mechanisms and characteristics of the three methods in different stages of wound healing. Building upon this foundation, we further introduce smart responsiveness, highlighting the application of stimuli-responsive wound dressings in dynamic wound management, aiming to provide insights for future research.

Medicinal leeches have long been administered orally in traditional Chinese medicine for blood stasis-related disorders. The thermal instability and poor oral bioavailability of hirudin suggest that other heat- and digestion-resistant constituents may contribute to the pharmacological activity of orally administered leech preparations. To characterize the antithrombotic activity of an ethanol-soluble fraction derived from processed Hirudo nipponia decoction pieces (Hn70) and identify peptide candidates with anticoagulant and antiplatelet activities. Hn70 was prepared by aqueous extraction followed by 70% ethanol fractionation. Its anticoagulant and antiplatelet activities, in vivo antithrombotic effects, and retention of anticoagulant activity under thermal and simulated gastrointestinal conditions were evaluated. Antithrombin activity was quantified using recombinant hirudin as an activity reference. The major active fraction was isolated by bioactivity-guided gel filtration, followed by coagulation factor and platelet aggregation assays, nLC-MS/MS-based de novo sequencing, bioinformatics screening, molecular docking, and functional validation of selected peptides. Hn70 showed concentration-dependent anticoagulant and antiplatelet activities and significantly reduced carrageenan-induced thrombosis in vivo. Six batches showed a specific antithrombin activity of 1.156 ± 0.020 ATU·mg^-1 dry Hn70 (CV, 1.70%). Hn70 retained substantial anticoagulant activity after thermal and simulated gastrointestinal treatment. Hn70-D was identified as a major active fraction that reduced multiple coagulation-factor activities and inhibited platelet aggregation. Twenty-eight peptides were identified, and seven selected synthetic peptides exhibited both activities in single-concentration assays. Hn70 is an antithrombotic fraction of Hirudo nipponia that retains substantial anticoagulant activity after thermal treatment and simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Bioactivity-guided analysis identified Hn70-D and candidate peptides for further investigation of its antithrombotic pharmacology.