We have extended a conventional photosynthesis model to simulate field and laboratory measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence at the leaf scale. The fluorescence paramaterization is based on a close nonlinear relationship between the relative light saturation of photosynthesis and nonradiative energy dissipation in plants of different species. This relationship diverged only among examined data sets under stressed (strongly light saturated) conditions, possibly caused by differences in xanthophyll pigment concentrations. The relationship was quantified after analyzing data sets of pulse amplitude modulated measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange of leaves of different species exposed to different levels of light, CO₂, temperature, nitrogen fertilization treatments, and drought. We used this relationship in a photosynthesis model. The coupled model enabled us to quantify the relationships between steady state chlorophyll fluorescence yield, electron transport rate, and photosynthesis in leaves under different environmental conditions.

Aetiological factors were sought prospectively in 55 babies with extrahepatic biliary atresia, in 105 with neonatal hepatitis, and in 11 with intrahepatic biliary atresia, seen as a result of nearly complete ascertainment of these conditions in the State of Victoria between 1963 and 1974. In neonatal hepatitis infective causes were shown in 22 babies, galactosaemia in 6 and alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency in 8; familial occurrence was noted in 10 further babies and unrelated second diseases were present in 24 of the remaining 59 babies. The only clues to aetiology in extrahepatic biliary atresia were a suspicion of time-space clusters, a deficiency of affected babies born to young primiparous women, and an unexpected number of spontaneous abortions in the histories given by the mothers. Genetic factors appeared to be important in intrahepatic biliary atresia, but are not reported in detail. Hypotheses for the aetiology of neonatal hepatitis and of extrahepatic biliary atresia are presented. Both are considered syndromes with multiple causes. Recurrence risks in sibs are discussed, and are 1 in 7 for neonatal hepatitis of unknown cause, negligible in extrahepatic biliary atresia, and usually 1 in 2 or 1 in 4 in intrahepatic biliary atresia, depending upon the family history.

Global mapping of terrestrial vegetation fluorescence from space has recently been accomplished with high spectral resolution (ν/Δν > 35 000) measurements from the Japanese Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). These data are of interest because they can potentially provide global information on the functional status of vegetation including light-use efficiency and global primary productivity that can be used for global carbon cycle modeling. Quantifying the impact of fluorescence on the O₂-A band is important as this band is used for photon pathlength characterization in cloud- and aerosol-contaminated pixels for trace-gas retrievals including CO₂. Here, we examine whether fluorescence information can be derived from space using potentially lower-cost hyperspectral instrumentation, i.e., more than an order of magnitude less spectral resolution (ν/Δν ~ 1600) than GOSAT, with a relatively simple algorithm. We discuss laboratory measurements of fluorescence near one of the few wide and deep solar Fraunhofer lines in the long-wave tail of the fluorescence emission region, the calcium (Ca) II line at 866 nm that is observable with a spectral resolution of ~0.5 nm. The filling-in of the Ca II line due to additive signals from various atmospheric and terrestrial effects, including fluorescence, is simulated. We then examine filling-in of this line using the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) satellite instrument. In order to interpret the satellite measurements, we developed a general approach to correct for various instrumental artifacts that produce false filling-in of solar lines in satellite measurements. The approach is applied to SCIAMACHY at the 866 nm Ca II line and to GOSAT at 758 and 770 nm on the shoulders of the O₂-A feature where there are several strong solar Fraunhofer lines that are filled in primarily by vegetation fluorescence. Finally, we compare temporal and spatial variations of SCIAMACHY additive signals with those of GOSAT and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Although the derived additive signals from SCIAMACHY are extremely weak at 866 nm, their spatial and temporal variations are consistent with chlorophyll a fluorescence or another vegetation-related source. We also show that filling-in occurs at 866 nm over some barren areas, possibly originating from luminescent minerals in rock and soil.

The Earth Observing One (EO-1) satellite was launched in November 2000 as a technology demonstration mission with an estimated 1-year lifespan. It has now successfully completed 12 years of high spatial resolution imaging operations from low Earth orbit. EO-1's two main instruments, Hyperion and the Advanced Land Imager (ALI), have both served as prototypes for new generation satellite missions. ALI, an innovative multispectral instrument, is the forerunner of the Operational Land Imager (OLI) onboard the Landsat Data Continuity Mission's (LDCM) Landsat-8 satellite, recently launched in Feb. 2013. Hyperion, a hyperspectral instrument, serves as the heritage orbital spectrometer for future global platforms, including the proposed NASA Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI) and the forthcoming (in 2017) German satellite, EnMAP. This JSTARS Special Issue is dedicated to EO-1. This paper serves as an introduction to the Hyperion and ALI instruments, their capabilities, and the important contributions this mission has made to the science and technology communities. This paper also provides an overview of the EO-1 mission, including the several operational phases which have characterized its lifetime. It also briefly describes calibration and validation activities, and gives an overview of the spin-off technologies, including disaster monitoring and new Web-based tools which can be adapted for use in future missions.