Noise pollution has risen to a worrying degree in all zones of the city (residential, commercial, industrial, and silent) because of the rapid rise in urbanization, industrialization, and other connectivity of transport systems in all zones of the city. It has always been challenging to identify noise hotspots where immediate remedial measures are required. In addition to providing the propagation of noise in the X and Z direction, 2D noise mapping is an essential method for identifying regions where noise levels may reach a hazardous level. Thus, the comparative examination of all residential areas inside a city provides a clear picture of noise exposure. The main focus of this study is to carry out comparative analysis of noise exposure level of selected locations such as residential commercial, industrial and silent area of Delhi city using 2D noise maps. For noise monitoring, Sound Level Meter (SLM) Larson & Davis 831 in compliance with the standard procedure of CPCB is used for monitoring peak traffic hours of working day and night. After that, using sound PLAN (acoustic) and MapInfo Pro, 2-D (Desktop GIS) noise maps were developed, visualized, and analyzed. According to the findings, residential areas have been recorded as having the highest levels of noise, followed by commercial and silent zones, and industrial areas have been seen to have the lowest levels of noise. The high noise level in residential area may be due to heavy traffic volume and road surrounded by high rise buildings. Whereas minimum noise has been observed in industrial area because the industries along the major roads have been surrounded with parapets and trees. As a result, only a small amount of industrial noise entered major highways/roads. Additionally, 2D noise map revealed that the surrounding structures of road (high rise buildings, brick walls, grilled boundaries, trees etc.) significantly influence propagation of noise in all directions. These maps may also be utilized by decision makers in the process of formulating noise control strategies or implementing corrective measures.

The rising demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly construction materials has encouraged the exploration of alternatives to natural sand in concrete production. This study evaluates the feasibility of partially replacing fine aggregates with recycled polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics in concrete. Concrete mixes of grades M15, M20, and M25 were prepared with plastic aggregate replacement levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The PET and PVC waste materials were melted, crushed, and incorporated into concrete mixtures, and their effects on workability and compressive strength were systematically examined. The results showed that in M15 concrete, workability remained adequate at 5% and 15% PET replacement; however, its compressive strength gradually decreased with increasing plastic content, showing a maximum reduction of 46.51% at 20% replacement. In contrast, both M20 and M25 mixes maintained acceptable workability across all replacement levels, and their compressive strengths consistently surpassed the standard minimum requirements of 20 N/mm ² and 25 N/mm ² , respectively. Comparisons between PET and PVC replacements revealed slight reductions in workability (approximately 5%–8%) and compressive strength (approximately 5%–15%) as the substitution level increased. Although several studies have explored alternatives to natural sand, limited research has systematically examined the combined effects of PET and PVC plastics on the workability and strength of different concrete grades. This study addresses that gap by evaluating the performance of M15, M20, and M25 concretes with varying levels of PET and PVC replacements, identifying the feasible substitution range that maintains acceptable mechanical and workability properties. The findings demonstrate that up to 20% replacement is suitable for M20 and M25 grades without significant loss of strength, thereby contributing to sustainable construction practices through effective plastic waste utilization and conservation of natural resources.

The river Ganges largest tributary is river Yamuna and it is the longest tributary in India serving millions of individuals. It is emerging from the glacier known as Yamunotri that has a height of 6,387m that travel through Uttarakhand to Allahabad. The water from river is abstracted as well as in stream used for irrigation, power generation, domestic water supply, industrial use, etc., because of which the after affects are many. In India, an alarming situation exists since quite a long time in river pollution. When river Yamuna enters Delhi, it meets the water quality guidelines with respect to Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) but during its exit the water quality deteriorated. The main reasons of deterioration of the river water are sewage discharge and industrial effluents and mis utilization of fresh water. The dilution capacity of the river also gets reduced due to significant water abstraction. The chief contributor of contamination is National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi followed by Agra and Mathura by either point or non-point sources.In this paper we investigated the ongoing trends in basic water quality guidelines of the River Yamuna which show huge deviation in Delhi segment. Due to the influence of industrialization, urbanization and horticultural advances the Delhi segment gets severely contaminated. Yamuna Action Plan (YAP) was undertaken by the government for the restoration and preservation of the river Yamuna. The DO, BOD in the Delhi segment and eutrophicated segment investigation, the water quality parameter trends in the river Yamuna represent that regardless of the considerable number of endeavors the water quality isn't fit for assigned best utilizations. The outcomes require inventive points of view in the advancement of a refreshed comprehensive preservation technique for the river Yamuna.