Andrographispaniculata (Burm.f.) Nees has been used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries, especially China, India, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia. This herbaceous plant extract contains active compounds with multiple biological activities against various diseases, including the flu, colds, fever, diabetes, hypertension, and cancer. Several isolated compounds from A. paniculata, such as andrographolide and its analogs, have attracted much interest for their potential treatment against several virus infections, including SARS-CoV-2. The mechanisms of action in inhibiting viral infections can be categorized into several types, including regulating the viral entry stage, gene replication, and the formation of mature functional proteins. The efficacy of andrographolide as an antiviral candidate was further investigated since the phytoconstituents of A. paniculata exhibit various physicochemical characteristics, including low solubility and low bioavailability. A discussion on the delivery systems of these active compounds could accelerate their development for commercial applications as antiviral drugs. This study critically reviewed the current antiviral development based on andrographolide and its derivative compounds, especially on their mechanism of action as antiviral drugs and drug delivery systems.

Soft corals are well-known as excellent sources of marine-derived natural products. Among them, members of the genera Sarcophyton, Sinularia, and Lobophytum are especially attractive targets for marine natural product research. In this review, we reported the marine-derived natural products called cembranoids isolated from soft corals, including the genera Sarcophyton, Sinularia, and Lobophytum. Here, we reviewed 72 reports published between 2016 and 2020, comprising 360 compounds, of which 260 are new compounds and 100 are previously known compounds with newly recognized activities. The novelty of the organic molecules and their relevant biological activities, delivered by the year of publication, are presented. Among the genera presented in this report, Sarcophyton spp. produce the most cembranoid diterpenes; thus, they are considered as the most important soft corals for marine natural product research. Cembranoids display diverse biological activities, including anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory. As cembranoids have been credited with a broad range of biological activities, they present a huge potential for the development of various drugs with potential health and ecological benefits. Graphic

Marine invertebrates have been reported to be an excellent resource of many novel bioactive compounds. Studies reported that Indonesia has remarkable yet underexplored marine natural products, with a high chemical diversity and a broad spectrum of biological activities. This review discusses recent updates on the exploration of marine natural products from Indonesian marine invertebrates (i.e., sponges, tunicates, and soft corals) throughout 2007–2020. This paper summarizes the structural diversity and biological function of the bioactive compounds isolated from Indonesian marine invertebrates as antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, and antiviral, while also presenting the opportunity for further investigation of novel compounds derived from Indonesian marine invertebrates.

Aims: This study aims to assess the antimicrobial activity of sponges from Lembeh Strait, explore their prokaryotic diversity, and investigate correlations between sponge antimicrobial activities and their associated prokaryotic communities. Methods and results: Secondary metabolites were extracted from sixty two sponge tissues using MeOH: EtOAc as solvent (1:1). Antimicrobial activity of the sponge crude extracts was tested against Escherichia coli, Aeromonas salmonicida, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus simulans, Saprolegnia parasitica, and Candida oleophila. The strongest antimicrobial activity was observed for sponge extracts from Theonella sp. against Sa. parasitica. Microbial community profiling was performed for sponges and environmental samples (seawater and sediment) using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Distinct prokaryotic community compositions were observed in sponges compared to their environments, with a strong influence of host-identity. A significant positive correlation between the phylum Actinobacteriota and sponge antimicrobial activity suggests importance of Actinobacteriota for sponge’s bioactive properties. In addition, six amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) belonging to the phyla Actinobacteriota, Chloroflexota, Rhodothermota, and candidate phylum PAUC34f showed significant positive correlations with particular sponge antimicrobial activities, indicating these taxa as interesting targets for future bioprospecting endeavours. Conclusions: This study highlights sponges from the Lembeh Strait, Indonesia, as producers of antimicrobial compounds and the importance of host identity on sponge-prokaryotic community composition. Moreover, poorly studied taxa such as candidate phylum PAUC34f and Chloroflexota members might represent interesting targets for future bioprospecting endeavours.

Constructed wetlands (CWs) augmented endophyte bacteria, well known as a sustainable and low-cost technological approach, have been widely applied to treat textile wastewater. However, the remaining dyes and other pollutants in treated textile wastewater are not guaranteed to impact the biotic...