Nano-pesticides are driving a paradigm shift toward sustainable plant protection. This review systematically synthesizes recent advances across four interconnected domains: (i) intelligent formulation design for targeted delivery and controlled release; (ii) interfacial behavior regulation to enhance foliar deposition; (iii) multi-omics elucidation of synergistic efficacy and molecular interactions; and (iv) environmental fate management, including risk mitigation and microbiome remediation. By integrating these multiscale innovations, the field is advancing nano-enabled crop protection from laboratory research toward field application. Collectively, this convergence provides a scientific foundation and interdisciplinary roadmap needed to build next-generation agricultural systems that are resource-efficient and ecologically compatible.

Fusarium wilt disease is one of the major diseases causing a decline in watermelon yield and quality. Researches have informed that phytohormones play essential roles in regulating plants growth, development, and stress defendants. However, the molecular mechanism of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and abscisic acid (ABA) in resistance to watermelon Fusarium wilt remains unknown. In this experiment, we established the SA, JA, and ABA determination system in watermelon roots, and analyzed their roles in against watermelon Fusarium wilt compared to the resistant and susceptible varieties using transcriptome sequencing and RT-qPCR. Our results revealed that the up-regulated expression of Cla97C09G174770, Cla97C05G089520, Cla97C05G081210, Cla97C04G071000, and Cla97C10G198890 genes in resistant variety were key factors against (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Niveum) FON infection at 7 dpi. Additionally, there might be crosstalk between SA, JA, and ABA, caused by those differentially expressed (non-pathogen-related) NPRs, (Jasmonate-resistant) JAR, and (Pyrabactin resistance 1-like) PYLs genes, to trigger the plant immune system against FON infection. Overall, our results provide a theoretical basis for watermelon resistance breeding, in which phytohormones participate.

Background: Fusarium wilt disease is leading threat to watermelon yield and quality. Different cultivation cropping systems have been reported as safe and efficient methods to control watermelon Fusarium wilt. However, the role of salicylic acid (SA) in watermelon resistance to Fusarium wilt in these different cultivation systems remains unknown. Methods: in this experiment, we used RNA-seq and qRT-PCR to study the effect of SA biosynthesis on improving watermelon health, demonstrating how it may be responsible for Fusarium wilt resistance under continuous monocropping and oilseed rape rotation systems. Results: the results revealed that the expression of the CIPALs genes was key to SA accumulation in watermelon roots. We observed that the NPR family genes may play different roles in responding to the SA signal. Differentially expressed NPRs and WRKYs may interact with other phytohormones, leading to the amelioration of watermelon Fusarium wilt. Conclusions: further understanding of gene expression patterns will pave the way for interventions that effectively control the disease.

Cadmium-contaminated rice poses serious health risks through the bioaccumulation of Cd (cadmium) from soil to edible grains. Cd contamination disrupts soil microbial ecology and alters microbial diversity. However, the role of cultivar-specific rhizosphere microbial communities in modulating Cd uptake remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying variety-dependent rhizosphere microecological remodeling and Cd accumulation in two independently selected late rice varieties, Yuzhenxiang (YZX) and Xiangwanxian 12 (XWX12). Combining physiological and metagenomic analyses, we revealed variety-specific correlations between root Cd accumulation and dynamic changes in soil pH, soil available phosphorus, and rhizosphere bacteria. The key bacterial genera (Variibacter, Nitrospira) showed differential enrichment patterns under Cd stress. In contrast, Galella and Anaeromyxobacter likely reduce Cd bioavailability by modulating phosphorus availability. Overall, this study elucidates that rice cultivars indirectly shape Cd accumulation patterns via rhizosphere microbial remodeling, providing novel insights for microbial remediation strategies in Cd-contaminated farmland.