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Dr. Yaning Zhang
School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China

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0 Renewable Energy
0 Thermodynamics
0 exergy
0 heat pump
0 Biomass gasification

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Review
Published: 13 August 2021 in Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis
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A long-term and reliable plastic waste management scheme is required to avoid environmental pollution and to overcome the issues of energy crisis simultaneously. Pyrolysis of plastic waste is a thermo-chemical disposal procedure that helps alleviate these issues while recycling valuable commodities such as oil and gas. This article reviewed the current scenario of plastic waste throughout the world, various methods of pyrolysis as well as the products produced from plastic waste pyrolysis. The results showed that the global plastics demands are increasing by 5% every year, causing larger amount of plastic wastes generation. The quantities and characteristics of pyrolysis products were significantly affected by plastic type, pyrolysis method (slow pyrolysis, fast pyrolysis and flash pyrolysis), reactor type, particle size, etc. Liquid oil is the primary product of plastic waste pyrolysis with up to 90 wt%, whereas gases (3 ∼ 90.2 wt%), wax (0.4 ∼ 92 wt%), char (0.5 ∼ 78 wt%) and HCl (0.1 ∼ 58 wt%) are the by-products. The liquid oils produced from plastic waste pyrolysis have similar properties to conventional diesel, i.e., viscosity (up to 2.96 mm2/s), density (0.8 kg/m3), flash point (30.5 °C), cloud point (−18 °C) and energy content (41.58 MJ/kg).

ACS Style

Tariq Maqsood; Jinze Dai; Yaning Zhang; Mengmeng Guang; Bingxi Li. Pyrolysis of plastic species: A review of resources and products. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 2021, 159, 105295 .

AMA Style

Tariq Maqsood, Jinze Dai, Yaning Zhang, Mengmeng Guang, Bingxi Li. Pyrolysis of plastic species: A review of resources and products. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. 2021; 159 ():105295.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tariq Maqsood; Jinze Dai; Yaning Zhang; Mengmeng Guang; Bingxi Li. 2021. "Pyrolysis of plastic species: A review of resources and products." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 159, no. : 105295.

Journal article
Published: 15 June 2021 in Journal of Cleaner Production
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Thermochemical energy storage (TCES) systems using salt hydrates have great applicable potential to store solar energy for space heating/cooling. However, because of different test conditions, various salt hydrates, and variable-sized TCES systems, there is still no information on the performance gap between TCES systems and materials of salt hydrates. This review focuses on the open and closed TCES systems based on salt hydrates, including types of reactors, charging temperatures, energy storage densities and costs. The reactors of open TCES systems are summarized including multi-layer packed beds, integrated reactor with air channels, and moving beds. Different types of highly efficient heat exchangers to enhance heat transfer are summarized in closed TCES systems. The volumetric energy storage densities at system level are lower than half of the values at material level, while the released energy costs at system level are nearly twice those of salt hydrates. If the system's scale increases, research on alternative cheap and abundant salt hydrates and optimization of all the components in the TCES system should be done to increase the thermal energy storage density and decrease the cost. It is expected that this study will help readers to understand the TCES systems based on salt hydrates comprehensively, and provide ideas to opmitize TCES systems from material, reactor, components and layout.

ACS Style

Hongzhi Liu; Wantong Wang; Yaning Zhang. Performance gap between thermochemical energy storage systems based on salt hydrates and materials. Journal of Cleaner Production 2021, 313, 127908 .

AMA Style

Hongzhi Liu, Wantong Wang, Yaning Zhang. Performance gap between thermochemical energy storage systems based on salt hydrates and materials. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2021; 313 ():127908.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hongzhi Liu; Wantong Wang; Yaning Zhang. 2021. "Performance gap between thermochemical energy storage systems based on salt hydrates and materials." Journal of Cleaner Production 313, no. : 127908.

Journal article
Published: 21 April 2021 in Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments
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Snow melting on a road unit circulating thermal fluids was experimentally conducted in the severely cold region of China, Harbin. The performances (snow-free area ratio, average road-surface temperature, and energy consumption) at different embedded pipe depths (60, 80, and 100 mm) with snow thickness of 43 mm at the ambient temperatures of −7.93 to −9.36 °C were presented and discussed. It was observed that the snow-melting process could be divided into three periods according to the snow-free area ratio: (a) starting period (0), (b) rapid period (0–0.7), and (c) slow period (0.7–1.0). The average road-surface temperatures for the starting, rapid, and slow periods fluctuated mainly in the ranges of −4–0, 0–1, and 1–10 °C, respectively. The energy consumption gradually decreased over time with the averages of 1170.8–1959.7 W/m2. The results also revealed that the embedded pipe depth of 80 mm could be adopted in the hydronic road-heating system. The contents presented in this work can guide the design of a hydronic road-heating system for snow melting in severely cold regions.

ACS Style

Wenke Zhao; Lujie Wang; Yaning Zhang; Xiaoya Cao; Wei Wang; Yi Liu; Bingxi Li. Snow melting on a road unit as affected by thermal fluids in different embedded pipes. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 2021, 46, 101221 .

AMA Style

Wenke Zhao, Lujie Wang, Yaning Zhang, Xiaoya Cao, Wei Wang, Yi Liu, Bingxi Li. Snow melting on a road unit as affected by thermal fluids in different embedded pipes. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. 2021; 46 ():101221.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenke Zhao; Lujie Wang; Yaning Zhang; Xiaoya Cao; Wei Wang; Yi Liu; Bingxi Li. 2021. "Snow melting on a road unit as affected by thermal fluids in different embedded pipes." Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 46, no. : 101221.

Journal article
Published: 23 September 2020 in Applied Thermal Engineering
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Porous road concrete is an important part of the hydronic road heating system to avoid icing on the road. The thermal characteristics of porous concrete are obtained in the heating process to evaluate the microstructure effects and predict the road conditions. This study applied the Monte Carlo method to generate a two-dimensional heterogeneous porous concrete model. The porous concrete is a mixture of aggregates, bonding interfaces, cement pastes, and air voids. The thermal characteristics (average road surface temperature and road surface temperature distribution) of porous concrete were simulated. The average road surface temperatures were validated with the experiment results. The thermal characteristics of porous concrete as affected by the aggregate areal ratio, air void size, and air void ratio were compared and analyzed. The results indicate that the average road surface temperature at 8 h increased by 1.07 K and the preheating time decreased by 1.05 h when the aggregate areal ratio was increased from 40 % to 60 %. The road surface temperature fluctuation for the aggregate areal ratio of 50 % was the highest (274.34 ∼ 275.96 K). The average road surface temperature at 8 h decreased by 0.39 K and the preheating time increased by 0.51 h with the air void size changing from 1 ∼ 3 mm to 1 ∼ 5 mm. The road surface temperature fluctuation for the air void size of 1 ∼ 5 mm was the highest (273.80 ∼ 274.50 K). The average road surface temperature at 8 h decreased by 4.48 K and the preheating time increased by 4.03 h with the air void ratio increasing from 0 to 10 %. The road surface temperature fluctuation of none air void was the lowest (277.88 ∼ 278.12 K), indicating that the air void had a significant impact on the road surface temperature.

ACS Style

Wenke Zhao; Yaning Zhang; Lei Li; Wentao Su; Guiyang Ma; Bingxi Li. Thermal characteristics of porous concrete in a hydronic road heating system. Applied Thermal Engineering 2020, 182, 116074 .

AMA Style

Wenke Zhao, Yaning Zhang, Lei Li, Wentao Su, Guiyang Ma, Bingxi Li. Thermal characteristics of porous concrete in a hydronic road heating system. Applied Thermal Engineering. 2020; 182 ():116074.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenke Zhao; Yaning Zhang; Lei Li; Wentao Su; Guiyang Ma; Bingxi Li. 2020. "Thermal characteristics of porous concrete in a hydronic road heating system." Applied Thermal Engineering 182, no. : 116074.

Journal article
Published: 09 July 2020 in Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments
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Snow on roads may cause serious problems such as increasing traffic fatalities, reducing road capacity, and expanding maintenance costs, therefore, snow melting systems are usually essential in this case. A ground source heat pump snow melting system was designed and implemented in the severely cold region of China (Harbin). The experimental conditions were at the snowfall of around 3 cm and the ambient temperatures of −5.9 ~ −4.8 °C. The heating characteristics, road surface temperature, snow free area ratio, and system performances were investigated. The results showed that the supplied fluid temperature could climb to the set value in 30 min, then fluctuated within 1.3 °C. The preheating stage, rapid heating stage, and slow heating stage illustrated the road heating process. The starting stage, rapid melting stage, and slow melting stage demonstrate the snow melting process. The critical value of the snow free area ratio between rapid and slow melting stages was around 0.60. The average COP (coefficient of performance) for the heat pump and the whole system in the whole process were 2.49 and 2.04, respectively. This study provided references for the further optimization and simulation of the hydronic snow melting system in severely cold regions.

ACS Style

Wenke Zhao; Yaning Zhang; Lei Li; Wentao Su; Bingxi Li; Zhongbin Fu. Snow melting on the road surface driven by a geothermal system in the severely cold region of China. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 2020, 40, 100781 .

AMA Style

Wenke Zhao, Yaning Zhang, Lei Li, Wentao Su, Bingxi Li, Zhongbin Fu. Snow melting on the road surface driven by a geothermal system in the severely cold region of China. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. 2020; 40 ():100781.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenke Zhao; Yaning Zhang; Lei Li; Wentao Su; Bingxi Li; Zhongbin Fu. 2020. "Snow melting on the road surface driven by a geothermal system in the severely cold region of China." Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 40, no. : 100781.

Journal article
Published: 01 July 2020 in Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification
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A fluidized bed system was demonstrated and the fluidization performances of silicon carbide in the fluidized bed system were experimentally studied as to facilitate the further application of microwave-assisted fluidized bed. The results show that the smaller silicon carbide particles (0.25 - 1 mm) have better fluidization performances than larger ones (1 - 1.5, 1.5 - 2, 2 - 2.5 and 2.5 - 3 mm) due to the fact that the smaller particles are nearly spherical whereas the larger particles are irregular in shape (long and branched), and larger particles tend to form channels in fluidization. Fluidization velocity is too high, large bubbles will be generated to affect the uniformity of fluidized particles. The loading of fluidized particles should match that of the fluidized bed, and too low loading amount wastes the space of the fluidized bed, while too high loading amount will also produce large bubbles. For the fluidized bed system developed in this study, the suggested fluidization parameters were: (a) silicon carbide particle size of 0.25 - 1 mm, (b) fluidization velocity of 0.47 - 0.71 m/s, and (c) silicon carbide particle loading of 40 - 50 g.

ACS Style

Yunlei Cui; Wenming Fu; Yaning Zhang; Xiaoya Cao; Pingfei Xu; Mirza Abdullah Rehan; Bingxi Li. Experimental fluidization performances of silicon carbide in a fluidized bed. Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification 2020, 154, 108016 .

AMA Style

Yunlei Cui, Wenming Fu, Yaning Zhang, Xiaoya Cao, Pingfei Xu, Mirza Abdullah Rehan, Bingxi Li. Experimental fluidization performances of silicon carbide in a fluidized bed. Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification. 2020; 154 ():108016.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yunlei Cui; Wenming Fu; Yaning Zhang; Xiaoya Cao; Pingfei Xu; Mirza Abdullah Rehan; Bingxi Li. 2020. "Experimental fluidization performances of silicon carbide in a fluidized bed." Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification 154, no. : 108016.

Article
Published: 22 April 2020 in Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
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Hydronic snow melting systems are renewable and reliable to eliminate the slippery conditions on the road. In this study, a hydronic snow melting system was implemented in Harbin, China. The characteristics of porous snow were applied to develop a transient two-dimensional model, according to the experimental results. It is the first time that the snow microstructure was considered in the model for the hydronic snow melting system. Three parameters (embedded pipe depth, embedded pipe spacing, and supplied fluid temperature) were compared and analyzed to optimize the design of the hydronic snow melting system in the cold regions. The results indicated that the snow can be cleared in 4.5 h regardless of the fluctuation of parameters. The rank of influence degree was embedded pipe depth > supplied fluid temperature > embedded pipe spacing when the target was the maximum melting rate. However, the rank of influence degree changed as supplied fluid temperature > embedded pipe depth > embedded pipe spacing when the target was the average road surface temperature at the heating time of 6 h. The embedded pipe design should be the embedded pipe depth of 80 mm and embedded pipe spacing of 140 mm at the effects of thermal stress and pipe cost. The control strategy was that the supplied fluid temperature should be 298.15 K in the heating period of 0–1 h, then gradually increased to 308.15 K in the heating period of 1–4 h, and eventually decreased to 298.15 K in the heating period of 4–6 h to save energy. This work can offer a good reference for the optimization and design of hydronic snow melting systems in cold regions.

ACS Style

Wenke Zhao; Wentao Su; Lei Li; Yaning Zhang; Bingxi Li. Optimization design of the road unit in a hydronic snow melting system with porous snow. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 2020, 141, 1509 -1517.

AMA Style

Wenke Zhao, Wentao Su, Lei Li, Yaning Zhang, Bingxi Li. Optimization design of the road unit in a hydronic snow melting system with porous snow. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2020; 141 (5):1509-1517.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenke Zhao; Wentao Su; Lei Li; Yaning Zhang; Bingxi Li. 2020. "Optimization design of the road unit in a hydronic snow melting system with porous snow." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 141, no. 5: 1509-1517.

Journal article
Published: 22 March 2020 in Energy Conversion and Management: X
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A ground source heat pump (GSHP) was implemented in Harbin (the coldest provincial capital of China) for heating a road unit, which was comprised of two 2.5 m × 5.0 m road bases (one with the 200 mm tube-pitch and the other with the 300 mm tube-pitch). The heating performances of the system including supplied water temperature, road surface temperature and system COP (coefficient of performance) as affected by the set water temperature (25, 30 and 35 °C) and flow rate (2, 3 and 4 m3/h) were investigated. The results indicated that it took 13, 45 and 85 min to reach the set water temperatures of 25, 30 and 35 °C, respectively. For a heating time of 5 hours, the road surface temperatures were increased in the ranges of −10.56 to −4.37 °C, −10.54 to −3.95 °C and −12.25 to −2.78 °C using the 200 mm tube-pitch road base compared to −12.02 to −6.69 °C, −12.30 to −5.88 °C and −13.05 to −4.33 °C using the 300 mm tube-pitch road base, and the average system COPs were 3.01, 1.97 and 1.92, when the set water temperatures were 25, 30 and 35 °C, respectively. When the set water flow rates were 4, 3 and 2 m3/h, it took 45, 30 and 20 min to reach the set water temperature of 30 °C, respectively. For a heating time of 5 hours, the road surface temperatures were increased in the ranges of −10.54 to −3.95 °C, −9.02 to −0.03 °C and −8.10 to −4.51 °C using the 200 mm tube-pitch road base, and the average system COPs were 1.97, 2.62 and 2.22 when the set water flow rates were 4, 3 and 2 m3/h, respectively. The results presented in this study offer a good reference for the design of GSHP heating road systems in severely cold regions.

ACS Style

Wenke Zhao; Yaning Zhang; Xin Chen; Wentao Su; Bingxi Li; Zhongbin Fu. Experimental heating performances of a ground source heat pump (GSHP) for heating road unit. Energy Conversion and Management: X 2020, 7, 100040 .

AMA Style

Wenke Zhao, Yaning Zhang, Xin Chen, Wentao Su, Bingxi Li, Zhongbin Fu. Experimental heating performances of a ground source heat pump (GSHP) for heating road unit. Energy Conversion and Management: X. 2020; 7 ():100040.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenke Zhao; Yaning Zhang; Xin Chen; Wentao Su; Bingxi Li; Zhongbin Fu. 2020. "Experimental heating performances of a ground source heat pump (GSHP) for heating road unit." Energy Conversion and Management: X 7, no. : 100040.

Review
Published: 11 March 2020 in Renewable Energy
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Numerical simulation of heating process of different materials under microwave irradiation has been widely studied. This study reviews the model development of microwave heating under different application scenarios in recent years, new CFD models for microwave-assisted gasification of biomass are also introduced. The results show that more accurate simulation results can be obtained by properly adjusting the improved model according to the different situations. When the structure of the object in the microwave field is relatively simple, one-dimensional or two-dimensional processing can be used in the model construction to simplify the calculation. When there is phase change during the microwave heating process, it is more helpful to improve the corresponding mass transfer model and consider the volume change to obtain accurate simulation results. When the heated object is moving, choosing appropriate boundary conditions can simplify the calculation and improve the accuracy of simulation results. The contents detailed in this review not only introduce the model development of microwave heating, but also present the simulation results of microwave-assisted gasification of biomass.

ACS Style

Yaning Zhang; Cunfeng Ke; Wenming Fu; Yunlei Cui; Mirza Abdullah Rehan; Bingxi Li. Simulation of microwave-assisted gasification of biomass: A review. Renewable Energy 2020, 154, 488 -496.

AMA Style

Yaning Zhang, Cunfeng Ke, Wenming Fu, Yunlei Cui, Mirza Abdullah Rehan, Bingxi Li. Simulation of microwave-assisted gasification of biomass: A review. Renewable Energy. 2020; 154 ():488-496.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yaning Zhang; Cunfeng Ke; Wenming Fu; Yunlei Cui; Mirza Abdullah Rehan; Bingxi Li. 2020. "Simulation of microwave-assisted gasification of biomass: A review." Renewable Energy 154, no. : 488-496.

Conference paper
Published: 07 March 2020 in Springer Proceedings in Energy
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Rice is the primary staple for the world’s population and it is one of the main cereals in the world. The tremendous global rice production results in a huge amount of rice husk, making rice husk a very important biomass fuel. LHV (lower heating value) and exergy are two important properties of a biomass fuel, and they are generally used for evaluating the energy of a biomass fuel. Also, exergy is usually used to assess the energy quality of a biomass fuel. This study aims to investigate the LHV and exergy of rice husk. The LHVs and exergy values of twenty eight rice husk samples are investigated in this study. The results show that the LHVs and exergy values of the rice husk samples are in the ranges of 8879.12–16200.00 kJ/kg and 10918.01–18457.87 kJ/kg, respectively. The higher LHV of a rice husk the higher exergy of the rice husk, and a positive linear relationship between exergy and LHV is observed for the rice husk samples. The relative errors between the estimated and calculated exergy values are in the range of −3.678%–1.704% for the rice husk samples, the simple relationship proposed in this study can therefore be used as an expeditious methodology for estimating the exergy of rice husks.

ACS Style

Wenming Fu; Yaning Zhang; Bingxi Li; Hongtao Li. A Relationship for Estimating the Exergy of Rice Husk Using LHV. Springer Proceedings in Energy 2020, 80 -92.

AMA Style

Wenming Fu, Yaning Zhang, Bingxi Li, Hongtao Li. A Relationship for Estimating the Exergy of Rice Husk Using LHV. Springer Proceedings in Energy. 2020; ():80-92.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenming Fu; Yaning Zhang; Bingxi Li; Hongtao Li. 2020. "A Relationship for Estimating the Exergy of Rice Husk Using LHV." Springer Proceedings in Energy , no. : 80-92.

Conference paper
Published: 07 March 2020 in Springer Proceedings in Energy
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A snow melting system based on a ground source heat pump was implemented in Harbin, the coldest provincial capital of China. Two control methods (automatic on/off and variable frequency) were applied to investigate the performances of the snow melting system. Two continuous operations were conducted for 4 h which is the time for the snow melting. The ambient temperatures, the temperatures of supplied water and the energy analysis (COP, coefficient of performance) of the snow melting system were detailed. The results indicate that the variable frequency control method can supply more steady hot water (the maximum error values and accuracies were decreased by 63.9% and 64.2%, respectively) and it has higher energy efficiency (the average COPsys and COPhp were increased by 19.8% and 56.8%, respectively) as compared with the automatic on/off control method.

ACS Style

Wenke Zhao; Yaning Zhang; Lei Li; Wentao Su; Bingxi Li; Zhongbin Fu. Experimental Investigation of a Ground Source Heat Pump Based Snow Melting System: Control Optimization. Springer Proceedings in Energy 2020, 226 -234.

AMA Style

Wenke Zhao, Yaning Zhang, Lei Li, Wentao Su, Bingxi Li, Zhongbin Fu. Experimental Investigation of a Ground Source Heat Pump Based Snow Melting System: Control Optimization. Springer Proceedings in Energy. 2020; ():226-234.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenke Zhao; Yaning Zhang; Lei Li; Wentao Su; Bingxi Li; Zhongbin Fu. 2020. "Experimental Investigation of a Ground Source Heat Pump Based Snow Melting System: Control Optimization." Springer Proceedings in Energy , no. : 226-234.

Article
Published: 19 February 2020 in Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
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This study proposes a sectorial-finned pipe in the hydronic road heating system with a three-dimensional road model to enhance the road heating performance. Three primary fin parameters, including sectorial fin angle, height, and spacing, were analyzed. The range analysis and ANOVA (analysis of variance) of the final average road surface temperature (Tasf), the maximum temperature difference of road surface (Tds), and the overall utility (Ut) were conducted through the orthogonal test method. The results showed that compared with the bare pipe, Tasf and Tds of the finned pipe increased by 0.63–1.37 K and 0.27–0.66 K, respectively, and ts0 of the finned pipe decreased by 0.22–0.44 h when the fin parameters were changed in specific ranges at the average air temperature of 258.15 K. The fin angle of 210° had the most suitable performances for road heating in terms of the thermal and economic targets. The range analysis revealed that the ranks of influence degree for Tasf, Tds, and Ut were height > spacing > angle, height > spacing > angle, and angle > spacing > height, respectively. ANOVA indicated that the parameters of height, spacing, and angle contributed Tasf in proportions of 80.56%, 10.25%, and 9.19%, those contributed Tds in proportions of 98.58%, 1.29%, and 0.13%, and those contributed Ut in proportions of 60.06%, 36.20%, and 3.74%, respectively. The optimum parameter combination for Ut was 210°, 20 mm, and 45 mm for the fin angle, height, and spacing, respectively. The results can provide a good guide for the design of sectorial-finned pipes in the hydronic road heating system.

ACS Style

Wenke Zhao; Lei Li; Wei Wang; Yaning Zhang; Wentao Su; Xin Chen; Bingxi Li. Heating performance enhancement for a road unit by using sectorial-finned pipe. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 2020, 141, 187 -198.

AMA Style

Wenke Zhao, Lei Li, Wei Wang, Yaning Zhang, Wentao Su, Xin Chen, Bingxi Li. Heating performance enhancement for a road unit by using sectorial-finned pipe. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2020; 141 (1):187-198.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenke Zhao; Lei Li; Wei Wang; Yaning Zhang; Wentao Su; Xin Chen; Bingxi Li. 2020. "Heating performance enhancement for a road unit by using sectorial-finned pipe." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 141, no. 1: 187-198.

Article
Published: 19 February 2020 in Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
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The snow on the road in the cold regions is easy to cause slippery conditions, which are dangerous for vehicles and people. To remove the slippery conditions, the hydronic snow melting system has been applied to remove the snow on the road. This study proposed a transient finite volume model with snow porous characteristics, to analyze the snow melting performances by a hydronic heating system. Three primary environmental parameters (snow thickness, wind velocity, and air temperature) were selected to compare the average road surface temperature and snow melting ratio. Then, the snow melting performances using a hydronic road heating system were analyzed. The results showed that the snow melting ratio was rapidly dropped as the snow thickness was increased from 10 to 90 mm. The snow thickness had a slight influence on the average road surface temperature in the melting process, whereas it had a significant impact after the snow was completely cleared. When the wind velocity was increased to 5 m s−1, the critical melting ratio appeared at around 0.7. The wind velocity had a significant influence on average road surface temperature when the average road surface temperature increased more than 273.15 K. There is a critical air temperature existed between 263.15 and 258.15 K, which limits the snow melting process at current supplied fluid temperature (313.15 K), indicating that more energy was need to supply to overcome cold weather. This study offers a good reference for the design of a hydronic snow melting system in severely cold regions.

ACS Style

Wenke Zhao; Lei Li; Wei Wang; Yaning Zhang; Wentao Su; Xin Chen; Bingxi Li. Thermal performances of porous snow by a hydronic heating system at different weather conditions. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 2020, 141, 1519 -1528.

AMA Style

Wenke Zhao, Lei Li, Wei Wang, Yaning Zhang, Wentao Su, Xin Chen, Bingxi Li. Thermal performances of porous snow by a hydronic heating system at different weather conditions. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2020; 141 (5):1519-1528.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenke Zhao; Lei Li; Wei Wang; Yaning Zhang; Wentao Su; Xin Chen; Bingxi Li. 2020. "Thermal performances of porous snow by a hydronic heating system at different weather conditions." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 141, no. 5: 1519-1528.

Journal article
Published: 17 February 2020 in Energies
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The combined heating and power (CHP) system with turbine-driving fans and pumps is more efficient and economical in meeting heat demand in cold areas, however, there are no detailed studies that investigate its thermodynamic performance, improvement possibilities and economy. In this paper, the energy, exergy and economic analysis of a CHP system with turbine-driving fans and pumps operated in Northeast China were conducted to provide insights into improvement options. It is revealed that the boiler is the main source of exergy destruction, followed by the steam-water heat exchangers (SWHE), temperature and pressure reducer (TPR), turbines, and deaerator. The energy and exergy efficiencies of the system are 89.72% and 10.07%, while the boiler’s are 84.89% and 30.04%. The thermodynamic performance of the boiler and turbines are compared with other studies, and the inefficiencies of major components are analyzed and some advice for further improvement is given. As the reference state changes, the main conclusions stay the same. The turbine-driving mode saves an electricity cost of 16,654.08 yuan on 15 December 2018. The effect of electricity price and on-grid price on the saved daily electricity cost is investigated and it proves that the turbine-driving mode is more economical in China.

ACS Style

Ximei Li; Jianmin Gao; Yaning Zhang; Yu Zhang; Qian Du; Shaohua Wu; Yukun Qin. Energy, Exergy and Economic Analyses of a Combined Heating and Power System with Turbine-Driving Fans and Pumps in Northeast China. Energies 2020, 13, 878 .

AMA Style

Ximei Li, Jianmin Gao, Yaning Zhang, Yu Zhang, Qian Du, Shaohua Wu, Yukun Qin. Energy, Exergy and Economic Analyses of a Combined Heating and Power System with Turbine-Driving Fans and Pumps in Northeast China. Energies. 2020; 13 (4):878.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ximei Li; Jianmin Gao; Yaning Zhang; Yu Zhang; Qian Du; Shaohua Wu; Yukun Qin. 2020. "Energy, Exergy and Economic Analyses of a Combined Heating and Power System with Turbine-Driving Fans and Pumps in Northeast China." Energies 13, no. 4: 878.

Article
Published: 12 February 2020 in Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
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The hydronic road heating system based on embedded finned pipes is a new application that can improve the thermal performances of heat conduction in concrete. When the embedded pipe layouts were studied and determined, the thermal performances of three embedded pipe geometries (bare, circular finned and rectangular finned) were detailed. The variables including supplied fluid temperature and flow velocity were used for different pipe geometries. The results indicated that the pipe layout of 80 mm depth and 200 mm spacing was the most suitable one for heating road among all the pipe layouts (depths of 80, 120 and 150 mm and spacings of 200, 300 and 400 mm). This was because it had the highest average heating rate (2.77 K h−1) for a heating period of 6 h with a supplied fluid temperature of 308.15 K and a flow velocity of 0.9 m s−1. Rectangular finned pipe showed the highest thermal performance among the three embedded pipe geometries, due to its shortest preheating time (1.2 h) and highest preheating rate (6.67 K h−1) at the same conditions. When the road was preheated from the initial road surface temperature (265.15 K) to the critical temperature (273.15 K), the preheating time difference between rectangular finned and bare pipes decreased from 4.81 to 0.66 h when the supplied fluid temperature was increased from 298.15 to 318.15 K, and it decreased from 1.61 to 0.94 h when the flow velocity was increased from 0.05 to 0.9 m s−1. It was also observed that the flow velocity had slight effects on the heating performances of the three pipes when it was higher than 0.2 m s−1.

ACS Style

Wenke Zhao; Xin Chen; Wei Wang; Yaning Zhang; Wentao Su; Bingxi Li. Numerical study on thermal performances of bare, circular and rectangular finned pipes for road heating. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 2020, 140, 1147 -1157.

AMA Style

Wenke Zhao, Xin Chen, Wei Wang, Yaning Zhang, Wentao Su, Bingxi Li. Numerical study on thermal performances of bare, circular and rectangular finned pipes for road heating. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2020; 140 (3):1147-1157.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenke Zhao; Xin Chen; Wei Wang; Yaning Zhang; Wentao Su; Bingxi Li. 2020. "Numerical study on thermal performances of bare, circular and rectangular finned pipes for road heating." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 140, no. 3: 1147-1157.

Article
Published: 18 November 2019 in Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
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A stochastic growth method for generating the porous soil structure is proposed, and an enthalpy-based lattice Boltzmann phase transition model is introduced. Thermal performance of phase transition in saturated porous soil during freezing is investigated. The effects of thermal diffusivity ratio of porous medium to fluid, difference in specific heat capacity between liquid and solid phase, and porosity of porous medium are investigated. The results show that higher thermal diffusivity ratio will promote the low-temperature propagation and phase interface movement while higher specific heat capacity difference and porosity will hinder the temperature propagation and phase transition from liquid to solid. The solid–liquid interface moves from 39 to 51 mm with the ratio increasing from 2 to 5; the interface position decreases from 51 to 26 mm with the difference increasing from 2000 to 26,000; the interface moves from 59 to 47 mm when the porosity increases from 0.2 to 0.8.

ACS Style

Yiran Hu; Donghao Zuo; Yaning Zhang; Fei Xu; Bingxi Li; Shuang Liang. Thermal performances of saturated porous soil during freezing process using lattice Boltzmann method. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 2019, 141, 1529 -1541.

AMA Style

Yiran Hu, Donghao Zuo, Yaning Zhang, Fei Xu, Bingxi Li, Shuang Liang. Thermal performances of saturated porous soil during freezing process using lattice Boltzmann method. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2019; 141 (5):1529-1541.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yiran Hu; Donghao Zuo; Yaning Zhang; Fei Xu; Bingxi Li; Shuang Liang. 2019. "Thermal performances of saturated porous soil during freezing process using lattice Boltzmann method." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 141, no. 5: 1529-1541.

Journal article
Published: 29 October 2019 in Computers & Mathematics with Applications
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The deicing performances of a road unit driven by a hydronic heating system in severely cold regions of China were investigated by using the Open Source Lattice Boltzmann Code. The model used the enthalpy-based method and double distribution functions for the velocity and temperature fields to solve the ice melting problem. The average road surface temperatures and melting conditions (melting ratio and mass) as affected by ice thickness (3 ∼20 mm), pipe spacing (80 ∼240 mm), and air temperature (252 ∼268 K) were detailed, and the parameters were analyzed by the orthogonal test method. The results show that for the ice thickness increasing from 3 mm to 20 mm, the heating rate was slightly increased from 6.3 K/h to 6.45 K/h in the preheating and initial melting stages, and from 1.32 K/h to 2.06 K/h in the rapid melting stage, the melting mass was increased from 360 g/m to 762.06 g/m whereas the melting ratio was decreased from 1.00 to 0.32. The pipe spacing of 120 mm was suitable for the road heating whereas ≥ 160 mm was not feasible in the severely cold regions. For the air temperature was increased from 252 K to 268 K, the preheating time was decreased from 3.02 h to 0.82 h, the heating rate in the melting stages was increased from 0.68 K/h to 2.94 K/h and the melting ratio was linearly increased. The parameter analysis reveals that the air temperature had the most important influence on the melting ratio whereas the pipe spacing had the most significant impact on the average road surface temperature, and the ice thickness had a slight influence on the melting ratio and average road surface temperature.

ACS Style

Wenke Zhao; Xin Chen; Yaning Zhang; Wentao Su; Fei Xu; Bingxi Li. Deicing performances of a road unit driven by a hydronic heating system in severely cold regions of China. Computers & Mathematics with Applications 2019, 81, 838 -850.

AMA Style

Wenke Zhao, Xin Chen, Yaning Zhang, Wentao Su, Fei Xu, Bingxi Li. Deicing performances of a road unit driven by a hydronic heating system in severely cold regions of China. Computers & Mathematics with Applications. 2019; 81 ():838-850.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wenke Zhao; Xin Chen; Yaning Zhang; Wentao Su; Fei Xu; Bingxi Li. 2019. "Deicing performances of a road unit driven by a hydronic heating system in severely cold regions of China." Computers & Mathematics with Applications 81, no. : 838-850.

Journal article
Published: 25 September 2019 in Computers & Mathematics with Applications
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Identification of water–air distribution at meso-scale in unsaturated soil is of great significance in the field of soil studies. In order to better understand the water–air distribution in soil pore, a meso-scale numerical model was developed: (1) a stochastic generation method was developed for the generation of mesoscopic soil structure, (2) the lattice Boltzmann method was selected for the numerical solutions of multiphase flow partial differential equation (PDE) in soil pore, (3) the water–air interface was tracked by using Shan–Chen model. The generation of soil structure and the solution of governing equations were completed by Open Source Lattice Boltzmann Code (OpenLB). The simulated water–air distribution shapes were almost the same with those reported in literature, indicating that the model developed in this study can be well used to evolve the water–air interface formation. Water–air​ distributions in soil pore at different porosities, wettabilities and saturations were detailed.

ACS Style

Fei Xu; Shuang Liang; Yaning Zhang; Bingxi Li; Yiran Hu. Numerical study of water–air distribution in unsaturated soil by using lattice Boltzmann method. Computers & Mathematics with Applications 2019, 81, 573 -587.

AMA Style

Fei Xu, Shuang Liang, Yaning Zhang, Bingxi Li, Yiran Hu. Numerical study of water–air distribution in unsaturated soil by using lattice Boltzmann method. Computers & Mathematics with Applications. 2019; 81 ():573-587.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fei Xu; Shuang Liang; Yaning Zhang; Bingxi Li; Yiran Hu. 2019. "Numerical study of water–air distribution in unsaturated soil by using lattice Boltzmann method." Computers & Mathematics with Applications 81, no. : 573-587.

Journal article
Published: 10 July 2019 in International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
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A lattice Boltzmann model for unfrozen water infiltration in saturated soil undergoing progressive freezing is proposed: (1) a stochastic growth method for particle generation is used to generate the structure of the soil particles, (2) a geometric method is used to calculate the temperature distribution at phase change, (3) the multiple relaxation time lattice Boltzmann method is selected for the solution of fluid flow through the frozen soil. The contents of unfrozen water and the hydraulic conductivities for two types of soil, sand and silt loam, obtained by the model were compared with experimental results. The correlation coefficients between the estimated and the experimental values were 0.97 and 0.96, respectively, for the contents of these two types of frozen soil in unfrozen water, and were 0.96 and 0.95, respectively, for their hydraulic conductivities.

ACS Style

Fei Xu; Yaning Zhang; Shuang Liang; Bingxi Li; Yiran Hu. Model development for infiltration of unfrozen water in saturated frozen soil using lattice Boltzmann method. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 2019, 141, 748 -756.

AMA Style

Fei Xu, Yaning Zhang, Shuang Liang, Bingxi Li, Yiran Hu. Model development for infiltration of unfrozen water in saturated frozen soil using lattice Boltzmann method. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer. 2019; 141 ():748-756.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fei Xu; Yaning Zhang; Shuang Liang; Bingxi Li; Yiran Hu. 2019. "Model development for infiltration of unfrozen water in saturated frozen soil using lattice Boltzmann method." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 141, no. : 748-756.

Journal article
Published: 11 March 2019 in Renewable Energy
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Experiments were conducted in this study (part 2) to validate the CFD model developed for microwave-assisted air gasification of biomass (part 1). The experiments were conducted on corn stover at different gasification temperatures (600 °C, 700 °C, 800 °C). The simulated syngas components (H2, CO, CO2, N2, CH4 and C2H4) and heating values (high heating value (HHV) and low heating value (LHV)) were compared with the experimental results. The results show that most (94.44%) of the relative errors (7.84% - 19.34%) were within 20% for the syngas components, whereas they were 5.40%–8.62% and 3.29%–4.94% for the HHVs and LHVs, respectively, indicating that the model developed can be used to simulate syngas production from microwave-assisted air gasification of biomass.

ACS Style

Yaning Zhang; Cunfeng Ke; Yanan Gao; Shiyu Liu; Yaoyu Pan; Nan Zhou; Yunpu Wang; Liangliang Fan; Peng Peng; Bingxi Li; Roger Ruan. Syngas production from microwave-assisted air gasification of biomass: Part 2 model validation. Renewable Energy 2019, 140, 625 -632.

AMA Style

Yaning Zhang, Cunfeng Ke, Yanan Gao, Shiyu Liu, Yaoyu Pan, Nan Zhou, Yunpu Wang, Liangliang Fan, Peng Peng, Bingxi Li, Roger Ruan. Syngas production from microwave-assisted air gasification of biomass: Part 2 model validation. Renewable Energy. 2019; 140 ():625-632.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yaning Zhang; Cunfeng Ke; Yanan Gao; Shiyu Liu; Yaoyu Pan; Nan Zhou; Yunpu Wang; Liangliang Fan; Peng Peng; Bingxi Li; Roger Ruan. 2019. "Syngas production from microwave-assisted air gasification of biomass: Part 2 model validation." Renewable Energy 140, no. : 625-632.