Electronic health records (EHRs) are digitally saved health records that provide information about a person’s health. EHRs are generally shared among healthcare stakeholders, and thus are susceptible to power failures, data misuse, a lack of privacy, security, and an audit trail, among other problems. Blockchain, on the other hand, is a groundbreaking technology that provides a distributed and decentralized environment in which nodes in a list of networks can connect to each other without the need for a central authority. It has the potential to overcome the limits of EHR management and create a more secure, decentralized, and safer environment for exchanging EHR data. Further, blockchain is a distributed ledger on which data can be stored and shared in a cryptographically secure, validated, and mutually agreed-upon manner across all mining nodes. The blockchain stores data with a high level of integrity and robustness, and it cannot be altered. When smart contracts are used to make decisions and conduct analytics with machine-learning algorithms, the results may be trusted and unquestioned. However, Blockchain is not always indestructible and suffers from scalability and complexity issues that might render it inefficient. Combining AI and blockchain technology can handled some of the drawbacks of these two technical ecosystems effectively. AI algorithms rely on data or information to learn, analyze, and reach conclusions. The performance of AI algorithms is enhanced through the data obtained from a data repository or a reliable, secure, trustworthy, and credible platform. Researchers have identified three categories of blockchain-based potential solutions for the management of electronic health records: conceptual, prototype, and implemented. The purpose of this research work is to conduct a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to identify and assess research articles that were either conceptual or implemented to manage EHRs using blockchain technology. The study conducts a comprehensive evaluation of the literature on blockchain technology and enhanced health record management systems utilizing artificial intelligence technologies. The study examined 189 research papers collected from various publication categories. The in-depth analysis focuses on the privacy, security, accessibility, and scalability of publications. The SLR has illustrated that blockchain technology has the potential to deliver decentralization, security, and privacy that are frequently lacking in traditional EHRs. Additionally, the outcomes of the extensive analysis inform future researchers about the type of blockchain to use in their research. Additionally, methods used in healthcare are summarized per application area while their pros and cons are highlighted. Finally, the emphasized taxonomy combines blockchain and artificial intelligence, which enables us to analyze possible blockchain and artificial intelligence applications in health records management systems. The article ends with a discussion on open issues for research and future directions.

Optoelectronic devices play a crucial role in the functionality of satellite systems, particularly in optical communication. However, these devices face significant challenges due to radiation-induced degradation, which can compromise their performance and reliability in the harsh space environment. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the impacts of various types of radiation, including protons, electrons, gamma, and neutrons, on optoelectronic components used in satellite applications. The review discusses the mechanisms through which radiation interacts with semiconductor materials, leading to phenomena such as ionization and charge build-up, which can result in the deterioration of key performance parameters such as optical efficiency, signal integrity, and operational lifespan. The review delves into the specific effects of radiation on critical optoelectronic components, including photodetectors, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and laser diodes, with a particular focus on inter-satellite optical wireless communication systems. By analyzing the existing literature, this review traces the evolution of research on radiation effects, highlighting trends in understanding and mitigating radiation-induced damage. It also identifies gaps in current knowledge and suggests areas for future investigation to enhance the resilience of optoelectronic devices against radiation. This effort provides valuable insights that can inform the design and development of more robust optoelectronic systems capable of maintaining reliable operation in radiation-rich environments, thereby contributing to the advancement of satellite communication technologies.

Renewable energy (RE) is alternative energy to replace fossil fuels in electric power generation and has evolved into microgrid technology. Integration of RE has caused voltage stability issues in the power system. Reports in earlier studies have included three voltage control methods such as Model Predictive Control (MPC), Proportional Integral (PI) controller, and negative feed-forward voltage control implemented to ensure the voltage stability of microgrids. However, very few research reports apply voltage control in hybrid biomass (BM)-solar photovoltaic (PV)-wind microgrid, choosing only to focus on energy management, economic analysis, and best sizing. For this reason, the main objective of this paper is the integration of a hybrid BM-Solar PV-Wind off-grid microgrid comprising PI controller as the voltage control based on an actual input database at a location in a small rural town named Mersing in Malaysia. Additionally, this paper also intends to illustrate the implemented efforts to support the voltage stability of the system in Mersing. PI controller with a harmonic filter voltage controller is implemented in this study to reduce the total harmonic distortion (THD) percentage. Concurrently the measured THD voltage and current at each RE and distribution line show a percentage below 10%. It is thus shown that a hybrid BM-Solar PV-wind microgrid is stable, especially for distribution lines, according to harmonic standards in the electricity supply application book by the local electricity provider Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB). Indeed, a PI controller with a harmonic filter has proven as an effective method for controlling the voltage instability in this study.

Theory concerning the high ideality factor of gallium nitride (GaN) based light- emitting diode (LED) has been reviewed. The presence of a high ideality factor indicates a large forward voltage that results in efficiency reduction. The paper suggests that tunneling is the main reason defining the exponential behaviour of current-voltage measurements, which leads to a high ideality factor. However, there is also a paper that suggests that the design of current geometry in the LED chip defines the value of ideality factor. An effective current spreading geometry in the LED chip will minimize the ideality factor and make it fall between the ideal range of 1 to 2. Besides, how the ideality factor is calculated will also play a major role in defining its value. By calculating the ideality factor based solely on the radiative recombination current formula, the value of ideality factor can result in an ideal ideality factor of 1.08.

This paper provides the details of a study on the effects of electron irradiation on two Low Noise Amplifiers (LNA), the Gallium-Arsenide (GaAs) pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (pHEMT) based and the Silicon-Germanium (SiGe) Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT)-based. Previous studies have shown that the properties of GaAs and SiGe HBT's are very tolerant of gamma, neutron, and proton irradiation without additional radiation hardening. Nowadays, commercials on the shelves (COTS) LNAs have been used in CubeSat space communication systems which may be connected to other communication networks for the implementation of the space-aerial- terrestrial integrated 5G network (SATIN) systems projects, for satellites, launched into Low and Medium Earth Orbits. Previous studies suggest that the electron radiation in space may degrade the LNAs' performance and might even lead to its failure. Located at the front end of the communication receiver system, this paper conducted such investigation to evaluate the performance under the radiation of the GaAs and SiGe LNAs considering the physics of the technology of each LNA, respectively. The results indicate that both SiGe and GaAs technologies are affected after electron irradiation. As a result, this degradation of the LNAs' performance affected the communications system performance of the inter-satellite radio link. After the assessment of the quality performance of the communication link at the system level, it has been found that the inter-satellite space link will be at risk under high space radiation dose and the link BER degrades proportionally to the radiation dose level.

This paper provides the details of a study on the effects of electron radiation on the Performance of Inters-satellite Optical Wireless Communication (IsOWC). Academia and industry focus on solutions that can improve performance and reduce the cost of IsWOC systems. Spacecraft, space stations, satellites, and astronauts are exposed to an increased level of radiation when in space, so it is essential to evaluate the risks and performance effects associated with extended radiation exposures in missions and space travel in general. This investigation focuses on LEO, especially in the near-equatorial radiation environment. Radiation experiments supported with simulations have made it possible to obtain and evaluate the electron radiation impact on optoelectronics at the device level and system level performances. The electron radiation has induced a system degradation of 70%. This result demonstrates the importance of such an investigation to predict and take necessary and suitable reliable quality service for future space missions.