Background: Agricultural SMEs face distinct challenges due to factors such as weather, climate change, and commodity price changes. Technology has become essential in helping SMEs overcome these challenges and grow their businesses. The relationship between technology and SMEs in the agriculture sector covers various aspects, such as using hardware and software, digital applications, sensors, and e-commerce strategies to be examined in further depth through literature study. Problem statement: The implementation of the TOE (technology, organization, and environment) framework in smart agriculture faces several challenges. To overcome these challenges, an integrated approach is needed that involves technological capacity building, organizational management changes, and adequate policy and infrastructure support to help SMEs in the agricultural sector develop their businesses. Objectives: This research aims to demonstrate and identify how TOE plays an important role in the performance of SMEs, particularly with regard to agriculture in order to improve agricultural productivity, efficiency, and sustainability while enabling access to broader markets in several countries. This study employs a meta-analysis method using a quantitative approach taken by each publication, which typically used SEM. Methods: PRISMA technique was used to examine evidence from clinical trials, and clinical significance was determined using the GRADE approach. Statistical analysis was performed using the Fisher test to combine the results of several studies and Cohen’s approach to interpreting effect sizes. Findings: The results of this study are in line with the findings of 27 previous studies which showed a direct positive relationship between TOE construction and the performance of agricultural SMEs, with variables including technological factors, organizational factors, environmental factors, and SME performance. The synergy between technology adoption by agricultural SMEs and Industry 4.0 can increase connectivity and automation in the agricultural sector. However, it is important to remember that adopting TOE to realize the smart agriculture concept has its own challenges and risks, such as resource management (technology), good organizational management (organization), and internal and external organizational environments (environments), including intense competition Research implication: TOE adoption improves access to information about competitors and customers, providing practitioners and decision-makers with a clearer understanding. It enables focus on factors with a significant impact on TOE adoption, so that they are more independent in developing effective business concepts that are adaptive to the era of agricultural technology 4.0.

Nowadays, rural depopulation is one of the biggest problems in developed and developing countries, especially due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This pandemic impacts various sectors, especially the economic sector. However, the development of the 4.0 Industrial Revolution forced all sectors, including agriculture, to adapt and take advantage of internet-based digital technology by developing smart agriculture. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the development of smart agriculture in rural areas. This study uses a systematic literature review with a TAA approach with secondary data collected from Scopus databases. The downloaded documents will be further analyzed using VOSviewer software to find the clustering. After the coding process by first-order categories, second layer theme, and aggregate dimension, this research found several theoretical concepts about the “Smart Village”. The definition of the ‘smart village’ concept is a combination of smart agriculture and industry 4.0 technology utilized by rural MSMEs to use the information and communication technology integrated into public services and economic activities. There are still many obstacles encountered in the application of ‘smart villages,’ such as the lack of youth participation and the low quality of human resources in the agricultural sector, limited internet network coverage, and the lack of optimal capital support. This research will contribute to the systematic literature review method by purposing filtering criteria of TAA to shade the light of the lack of data accuracy in several leading databases of scholarly impacts. This research also gives a clear direction for further research regarding industry 4.0 and Indonesia's smart agriculture concept application.

There are growing opportunities and demands for the use of biomass to provide additional renewables, energy for heat, power and fuel, pharmaceuticals and green chemical feedstocks. However, the worldwide potential of bioenergy is limited, because all land is multifunctional, and land is also needed for food, feed, timber and fiber production, and for nature conservation and climate protection. The recent expansion of the bioenergy industries together with a strong increase in many commodity prices has raised concerns over the land use choices between energy needs and food and feed. New systems of energy production must be developed based on cost of environmental damage due to production and use of fossil energy and certain chemicals and materials. This article presents risks to food and energy security, estimates of bioenergy potential and the challenges of the environmental and social impact associated with expansions in bioenergy production.