CoFe₂O₄/(Pb_0.6Sr_0.4)TiO₃ bi-layered composite film exhibits ferromagnetic and ferroelectric responses (M_s ∼ 162 emu/cm³, H_c ∼ 1.8 kOe, 2P_r ∼ 8.6 µC/cm² and 2E_c ∼ 634 kV/cm) at room temperature. The temperature dependent dielectric anomaly near magnetic phase transition temperature suggests magnetoelectric coupling effect in the composite film. The maximum MD effect can reach as high as ∼49% at 3 kOe applied DC magnetic field. The composite film exhibits magnetoelectric voltage co-efficient α_ME ∼ 67 mVcm⁻¹Oe⁻¹. The photoluminescence emission bands of the composite film have a significant blue shift as compared to those reported for CFO and PST nanostructures.

Prediction of incidences of thunderstorms using different techniques is quite well establsihed. In this paper, a heuristic equation is proposed which relates the correlation coefficient of atmospheric parameters with the number of hourly incidences of thunderstorms. There are four ways to compute the indices values from the proposed heuristic equation. These indices values are used in the classification of the hourly incidences of thunderstorms. The proposed equation and indices work well, as tested on 2018 pre-monsoon hourly atmospheric data and validated with April 2019 and 2020 hourly data. From four indices, the first index value is computed with normalized average values of parameters of only hourly incidence of thunderstorms data of 2016-2017 in the month-wise method. The other three indices use optimization techniques namely, the Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) technique, Differential Evaluation (DE), and Simulated Annealing (SA). TLBO shows the better classification of hourly incidence of thunderstorms for 2018 atmospheric data. TLBO is also precisely validating the hourly incidences of thunderstorms for April 2019 and April 2020 hourly atmospheric data. It performed better with 2020 data by 88%. The variations of atmospheric parameters before, after or, during the incidences of thunderstorms are also depicted.

Multiferroic 2-2 type layered NFO/ (Pb 0.50Sr0.50) TiO3 composite thin film on Pt/TiO2/Si substrate was prepared by novel metallo-Organic process using spin coating technique. The structural and surface morphology were confirmed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) atomic force microscope (AFM). Significantly improved ferroelectric properties (Ps ∼ 8.69, Pr ∼ 3.19 µC/cm2 and Ec ∼ 419kV/cm) and magnetic properties (Ms), (Mr) and (Hc) is (104emu/cc, 0.8emu/cc and 25Oe.) were observed at room temperature. Our observation provides an effective way to manipulate the conduction behavior to understand the leakage current density of multiferroic composites film at the interface. Poole–Frankel tunneling conduction mechanism dominates the leakage current of films in the relatively high electric filed.