Although desmopressin (DDAVP) is an accessible and inexpensive hemostatic drug, its use in pregnancy is still debated due to safety uncertainties. We aim to review safety and effectiveness of DDAVP in women with an inherited bleeding disorder during pregnancy and delivery. Databases were searched for articles up to July 25^th 2022, reporting maternal and/or neonatal outcomes. PRISMA methodology was followed (PROSPERO CRD42022316490). Fifty-three studies were included, comprising 273 pregnancies. Regarding maternal outcomes, DDAVP was administered in 73 pregnancies during pregnancy and in 232 pregnancies during delivery. Safety outcome was reported in 245 pregnancies, with severe adverse event reported in two (1%; hyponatremia with neurological symptoms).Overall, DDAVP was used as monotherapy in 234 pregnancies with effectiveness reported in 153 pregnancies (82% effective; 18% ineffective). Regarding neonatal outcomes, out of 60 pregnancies with reported neonatal outcomes after DDAVP use during pregnancy, two children (3%) had a severe adverse event (preterm delivery n=1; fetal growth restriction n=1). Of the 232 deliveries, 169 neonates were exposed to DDAVP during delivery and in 114 neonates, safety outcome was reported. Two children (2%) experienced a moderate adverse event (low Apgar score n=1; transient hyperbilirubinemia not associated with DDAVP n=1). DDAVP use during pregnancy and delivery seems safe for the mother with special attention to the occurrence of hyponatremia and for the child, especially during delivery. However, due to poor study designs and limited documentation of outcomes, a well-designed prospective study is warranted.

This study analyzes Turkey’s development toward a green economy between 1990 and 2022 within the framework of certain green economic indicators. The data consist of secondary data from the official databases of the World Bank and the Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT). In the study, the total amount of carbon emissions was chosen as an indicator of green growth, while gross domestic product per capita (GDP) represents economic growth, domestic loans granted by banks to the private sector (as a percentage of GDP) and foreign direct investment represent financial development, and electricity generation represents pollution. To determine whether the variables are cointegrated and to determine the direction and strength of the relationship between the variables, the ARDL bounds test and the FMOLS and DOLS long-run estimators were used. Finally, Toda Yamamoto (TY)–Granger tests were performed to determine causality. The long-term relationship between the variables was confirmed by the results of the ARDL bounds test. The error correction coefficient (CointEq(−1)) was estimated to be statistically significant and negative (−0.757) when the short-term analysis was performed. This result shows that the short-term imbalances will be corrected in less than a year, and the system will approach the long-term equilibrium. In the long-term analysis of the model, all variables selected to explain the dependent variable were found to have a statistically significant impact on the dependent variable. The GDP per capita variable, the indicator of economic growth, has a negative effect on the dependent variable, while the other independent variables have a positive effect. The results of the causality analysis indicate that the dependent variable carbon emissions (CO₂) has a unidirectional causality relationship with domestic credit provided to the private sector by banks (DC), which represents financial development, and with total electricity production (EP), which serves as an indicator of pollutants.

This paper presents the results of a contingent valuation for evaluating environmental quality in the Atatürk Urban Forest of Bursa, Turkey. The environmental quality parameter under investigation at this recreational site is congestion. Congestion is an important externality having impacts on visitors’ welfare at this site. Two distinct models were employed in this study. A qualitative response model was employed to find covariate effects depending on shifting congestion levels. The other model used was the survivor model. The survivor model brings new insights to congestion pricing literature to find the mean willingness to pay for shifting congestion levels changing from level-I to level-V. It is a useful method for congestion pricing when covariate impacts are not important for the analyst. According to the survivor model results, respondents evaluated congestion level-I, which is the lowest congestion level, with an amount of USD 32.08 per visit. The value of congestion level-V, which is highest congestion level, was USD 4.34 per visit. If these amounts are aggregated into total visit rates, they correspond to USD 2,245,600 and USD 303,800 for congestion levels-I and V, respectively. Differences between these values are welfare losses of this public good. The outcomes of this paper may help policy-makers resolve environmental management issues.

Global warming and climate change have become issues that recently have caused much concern in the world. Countries that perform their economic activities without thinking about future generations have had to focus on “sustainability” issues since local and global environmental issues have been experienced. In this context, global warming problems have become one of the most important environmental topics occupying the world agenda and are causing intensive scientific and political discussions. One of the causes of global warming is increasing greenhouse gases, CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, CFC, etc., in the atmosphere. Especially in developing countries, growing populations, industrial development, and increasing demand for energy have triggered greenhouse gas emissions. Yet we cannot ignore the contributions of developed countries to greenhouse gas emissions. In fact, developed countries have brought the world’s attention to sustainability and environmental management systems after contributing negatively to world pollution. While all these discussions are going on, a new issue is the negative effect of greenhouse gas emissions caused by animal husbandry. In order to meet the global meat demand, intensive industrial and traditional husbandry is preferred worldwide. This situation causes increased greenhouse gas emissions and may cause significant problems to the environment and to sustainable agriculture. By considering the negative contribution of animal husbandry to global warming issues, countries may have to enact reforms in animal husbandry policies or pay the price for their contribution to greenhouse gas emissions in the future. The purpose of this study is to present policy options for Turkey, EU-12 countries, and Central European countries in regards to this topic. These analyses will shed light on animal husbandry practices and contribute to the knowledge level of political decision makers and the public.

The demand for organic products has increased with the increase in individuals’ education and income levels, their sensitivity to the qualityof the products, and their willingness to pay higher prices for natural and quality products. Confidence in organic products, caring aboutthe health effects of organic products, and the ease of accessing them are among the factors that increase their consumption. Organicproducts are also perceived as natural products in Turkey. The awareness of questioning the certificates and logos of purchased organicproducts has not yet been formed. Those who do not know the legislation, such as the organic logo requirement, perceive all kinds ofnatural products obtained from rural areas as organic. In this study, 477 questionnaires from households were obtained in Bursa, the4th largest city in Turkey. The study aimed to reveal organic milk and dairy products (OMDP) consumption perceptions, consumption status,and reasons for preference by participants’ income level. Consumers’ awareness and perceptions of OMDP, their OMDP consumptionstatus, and the relationship between OMDP consumption and income level. The study also inquired whether consumers would be willingto pay more for OMDP and whether this willingness to pay was affected by income levels. Middle-income consumers consumed the mostorganic milk—consumers with high income purchased OMDP the least. However, in case of increased product awareness, half of thehigh-income consumers were willing to pay 30% more for OMDP. This research is a reliable, empirical field study to reveal Turkish OMDPconsumers’ characteristics and contribute to the literature.