Feeding the world's population sustainably and addressing food insecurity are among the most pressing global challenges. Agriculture, a key sector in addressing these challenges, faces disease outbreaks, inefficient fertilizer use, and adverse environmental impacts. This review explores the green synthesis and sustainable application of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) in agriculture, focusing on their role as nanoagrochemicals. The green synthesis of CuO NPs using plant extracts produces nanoparticles (NPs) with tailored properties that enhance their efficacy as nanoagrochemicals. Copper oxide NPs have shown promising applications as nanopesticides, providing potent antimicrobial and antifungal effects, primarily through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which disrupts cellular functions in pathogens. Moreover, CuO NPs improve plant growth by enhancing nutrient uptake and photosynthetic efficiency, making them effective nanofertilizers. Furthermore, nanopriming, an innovative seed treatment using CuO NPs, enhances seed germination and plant growth by activating stress-related genes and improving biochemical responses, especially under drought and salinity. Studies demonstrate the superior efficacy of CuO NPs over conventional agrochemicals in enhancing seedling vigor, nutrient uptake, and crop yield. However, concern regarding phytotoxicity at higher concentrations and potential environmental impacts necessitate careful dosage optimization. This review provides insights into the sustainable application of CuO NPs in agriculture, highlighting their potential to revolutionize crop productivity while emphasizing the need for further research into long-term environmental safety and optimized application methods.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are increasingly utilized in agriculture, electronics, and medicine, raising concerns about their environmental fate and toxicity in aquatic ecosystems. This study aims to review the fate, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of ZnO NPs in aquatic ecosystem. This review was conducted through a comprehensive analysis of peer-reviewed literature from databases such as Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed. Finding indicates that ZnO NP fate in aquatic ecosystems is governed by key environmental factors, including pH, ionic strength, and DOM. ZnO NPs tend to aggregate in high-salinity environments, whereas acidic conditions enhance dissolution, leading to increased Zn²⁺ ion release and potential toxicity. Smaller ZnO NPs exhibit higher reactivity and bioavailability, increasing their potential for bioaccumulation. Bioaccumulation of ZnO NPs is influenced by concentration, exposure time, and particle size, with smaller nanoparticles being more readily absorbed by aquatic organisms. Toxicity varies depending on exposure duration and environmental conditions, with DOM playing a mitigating role by reducing Zn²⁺ ion availability. Additionally, ZnO NP exposure has been linked to oxidative stress, developmental abnormalities, and behavioral changes in aquatic organisms, highlighting the need for regulations and tailored risk assessments that account for water chemistry variations to mitigate ecological risks. Future research should focus on long-term impacts, including multi-species interactions and trophic transfer, to improve mitigation strategies.

(1) Background: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are widely applied in various human products. However, they can be extremely toxic for aquatic organisms, particularly fish. This research was conducted to determine the LC₅₀ of ZnO NPs on the embryos of Javanese medaka (Oryzias javanicus) in ultra-pure, deionized, and dechlorinated tap water; (2) Methods: The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates for six treatments for acute (0.100, 0.250, 0.500, 1.00, 5.00, and 10.00 mg/L) exposures for each type of water; (3) Results: The LC₅₀ of ZnO NPs at 96 h was determined as 0.643 mg/L in ultra-pure water, 1.333 mg/L in deionized water, and 2.370 in dechlorinated tap water. In addition to concentration-dependent toxicity, we also observed time-dependent toxicity for ZnO NPs. In addition, the sizes of ZnO NPs increased immediately after dispersion and were 1079 nm, 3209 nm, and 3652 nm in ultra-pure, deionized, and dechlorinated tap water. The highest concentration of measured Zn²⁺ in exposure concentrations was found in ultra-pure water, followed by deionized and dechlorinated tap water suspensions. Furthermore, Javanese medaka showed high sensitivity to acute exposure of ZnO NPs in all types of water.

The increasing environmental prevalence of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) raises significant concerns about their ecotoxicological effects in aquatic ecosystems. This study investigates the sublethal toxicity of ZnO NPs (0—100 µg/L) to Javanese medaka (Oryzias javanicus) embryos across two ecologically relevant salinities (5 and 18 parts per thousand-ppt) through chronic exposure. Dynamic light scattering revealed rapid NPs aggregation (4,636–5,422 nm) with low stability (zeta potential 2.50–3.12 mV). Mortality exhibited a concentration-dependent pattern, with 18 ppt salinity providing significant protection (0.06% vs 0.24% mortality increase per µg/L at 5 ppt). Cardiac responses showed time-dependent salinity interactions: initial cardiotoxicity at 18 ppt (53—62% heart rate reduction at 5 (day post exposure-dpe) reversed by 11 dpe, while 5 ppt exposures showed progressive impairment (32—48% reduction). Hatching delays were concentration-dependent but diminished at 18 ppt, with 25 µg/L groups showing recovery by day 20. Developmental abnormalities (pericardial edema, spinal deformities) were less severe at higher salinity. These findings demonstrate that elevated salinity mitigates ZnO NPs toxicity. The study provides critical insights for environmental risk assessment of NPs in estuarine ecosystems, highlighting the need to consider salinity gradients in regulatory frameworks.

Fish identification and classification are central to planning conservation strategies and fisheries research (Cawthorn et al. 2012). Aquatic ecosystems are more susceptible to anthropogenic distur...

نانوپلاستیکها از طریق تخلیهی مستقیم، فاضلاب و رسوب جوی وارد محیطهای آبی میشوند و خطرات قابلتوجهی را برای صحت ایکوسیستمها بهوجود میآورند. این مقالهی مروری به بررسی سرنوشت محیطزیستی، ویژگیهای فزیکی–کیمیاوی و تأثیرات سمی نانوپلاستیکها میپردازد. منابع علمی از طریق جستوجوی جامع در مقالات مرورشده شناسایی شدند، با تمرکز بر تحقیقات که رفتار نانوپلاستیکها را در سیستمهای آبی، خاکی و همچنان تعامل آنها را با مواد عضوی طبیعی بررسی کردهاند. یافتهها نشان میدهد که نانوپلاستیکها زنجیرههای غذایی را در ایکوسیستمهای آبی مختل میسازند و هنگامی که با سایر آلودهکنندها ترکیب میشوند، میتوانند سمیت را افزایش دهند. تشکیل اکو – کرونا نیز در دسترسی زیستی و سمیت نانوپلاستیکها تغییر ایجاد کرده و تأثیرات زیانبار آنها بر موجودات آبی را تشدید مینماید. این یافتهها بر ضرورت مدیریت و مقررات هدفمند و توسعهی تحقیقات آینده با تمرکز بر سمشناسی محاسباتی و تأثیرات ترکیبی آلودهکنندهها تأکید میکند.