The present study was performed to know the effects of chronic lead exposure on serum lipids, lipoproteins, and liver enzymes in a cohort study among of lead mine workers. We followed of 200 Iranian workers for 3- years (2018–2020), 100 of them with known occupational exposure to lead thorough their work in lead mine while the others 100 were with no such exposure. Blood lead level (BLL), serum lipids, lipoproteins, and liver enzymes of the exposure group for 3- years were measured and compared with those attained in the non-exposed workers. The BLL levels of the lead-mine workers were higher than with recommended level and the non-exposed group (24.15 and 6.35 µg/dL, respectively). The findings indicated a positive and significant relationship between BLL and lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, and bilirubin levels (P < 0.01). Also while we found a negative and significant correlation between BLL and triglyceride, total protein, albumin, and globulin levels (P < 0.01). This report depicted that chronic lead exposure is a risk factor for hematological, liver, and cardiovascular diseases. Despite the fact that the level of liver function parameters was in the normal range, the results of 3- years follow-up show a significant relationship between BLL and alteration of biochemical parameters levels.

In this research, a novel, selective, and efficient porous adsorbent nano-composite comprising a molecularly imprinted polymer and a metal–organic framework (MIP@MOF) was employed for sampling, extraction and analysis of diazinon from the air by a needle trap device (NTD), for the first time. The synthesized MIP@MOF sorbent was characterized by the FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, and EDS techniques. Then, the effective parameters of the sampling (temperature and humidity) and desorption (time and temperature) process were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The optimum values of temperature and humidity of the sampling chamber were estimated to be 20 °C and 25.0%, respectively. Also, the highest response during the analyte desorption was obtained at 262 °C and 4.5 minutes. For more details, the performance of the MIP@MOF:NTD method was evaluated by determination of important parameters such as repeatability, reproducibility, the limit of detection (LOD), and the limit of quantification (LOQ), and then compared with the NIOSH 5600 standard method. The values of LOD and LOQ for the targeted analyte were determined to be 0.02 and 0.1 μg m⁻³, respectively. Also, the repeatability and reproducibility of the proposed method were obtained in the range of (3.9–5.1)% and (5.1–6.4)%, respectively, which proved the acceptable precision of the method. Furthermore, the results of this study exhibited a high correlation coefficient (R² = 0.9781) between the proposed method and the recommended NIOSH method. Finally, the proposed procedure was utilized for sampling and determination of the airborne diazinon in real conditions. These results indicated that the proposed MIP@MOF:NTD method can be employed as a fast, simple, environmentally friendly, selective, and effective procedure for sampling and determining diazinon in air.

The current study aimed to systematically review the studies concerning the biological monitoring of benzene exposure in occupational settings. A systematic literature review was conducted in Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Medline from 1985 through July 2021. We included peer-reviewed original articles that investigated the association between occupational exposure to benzene and biological monitoring. We identified 4786 unique citations, of which 64 cross-sectional, one case-control, and one cohort study met our inclusion criteria. The most studied biomarkers were urinary trans-trans muconic acid, S- phenyl mercapturic acid, and urinary benzene, respectively. We found the airborne concentration of benzene as a key indicator for choosing a suitable biomarker. We suggest considering urinary benzene at low (0.5–5.0 TLV), urinary SPMA and TTMA at medium (5.0–25 and 25–50 TLV, respectively), and urinary phenol and hydroquinone and catechol at very high concentrations (500 and 1000 TLV ≤, respectively). Genetic polymorphism of glutathione S-transferase and oral intake of sorbic acid have confounding effects on the level of U-SPMA and U-TTMA, respectively. The airborne concentration, smoking habit, oral consumption of sorbic acid, and genetic polymorphism of workers should be considered in order to choose the appropriate indicator for biological monitoring of benzene exposure.

In this study, a magnetic-dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) was developed for the extraction and desorption of muconic acid from real urine sample. For this purpose, Fe₃O₄-SiO₂-NH₂@ UiO-66 was used as a Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) in the DSPE for extraction of the analyte of interest followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The synthesised magnetic-MOF was characterised by XRD, VSM, FT-IR, and FE-SEM techniques. The experimental parameters influencing the magnetic-DSPE procedure, such as solution pH, initial sample volume, extraction and desorption time, type and volume of elution solution, and sorbent amount were examined. Under the optimal conditions, the UiO-magnetic DSPE-HPLC procedure provided a good limit of detection (0.001 µg mL⁻¹), the limit of quantification (0.003 µg mL⁻¹), wide linear dynamic range (0.003–25 µg mL⁻¹) and high correlation coefficient (r²: 0.997). Also, the Fe₃O₄- SiO₂- NH₂@ UiO-66 exhibited an acceptable accuracy (2.0–4.0%), reproducibility (3.7–6.1%), and per cent recovery (96–98%) for the extraction and desorption of the desired analyte. It can be concluded that the proposed method was efficient for the extraction and analysis of muconic acid from real urine samples. Therefore, the Fe₃O₄- SiO₂- NH₂@ UiO-66 _– DSPE-HPLC method can be used as a simple, fast, sensitive, reusable, and user-friendly extraction technique to determine trace levels of urinary muconic acid.