The different types of mathematical models which are physically based models or the models based on laboratory experimental and/or field measurements are considered to estimate the runoff depth and runoff coefficient relating rainfall to runoff especially for the non-measured watersheds. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was applied to estimate the surface runoff depth of Al-Khoser River watershed, 696km2. The model was calibrated based on measured single storms data at the watershed outlet, while data measured at the outlet of sub watershed (36km2) are considered for model verification. For model calibration, the resultant values are 0.99, 0.95, 0.73 and 0.19 for determination coefficient,index of agreement, model efficiency, and t-test respectively, while verification of the model revealed values of 0.97, 0.89, 0.72 and 0.32 for the same parameters considered respectively. The model was applied as a daily continuous simulation for the period 1991-2011. Relationships between the accumulated daily runoff depths and accumulated daily rainfall depths have been obtained, additionally the yearly runoff depth related to the yearly rainfall depthwas also derived. Those relations can be used to estimate the runoff depth and runoff coefficient for different studies of the watershed.‌‌‌‌‌‌

Pratylenchus loosi is an important root-lesion nematode that causes damage to tea plantations in Iran and all over the world. The present study reports on the characterization and evolution of three ß-1,4-endoglucanase genes: Pl-eng-2, Pl-eng-3 and Pl-eng-4. The gene structure of Pl-eng-2 was fully determined with the predicted signal peptide and devoid of the linker domain and carbohydrate-binding domain, while Pl-eng-3 and Pl-eng-4 were only partially sequenced. The transcription of Pl-eng-2 was localized in the secretory esophageal glands of all life stages, but it was upregulated in male and female stages. The exon/intron structures of Pl-eng-2, Pl-eng-3 and Pl-eng-4 confirmed that they resulted from gene duplication followed by sequence and gene structure diversification with loss of the linker domain and carbohydrate-binding domain during evolution. A phylogenetic analysis further confirmed that nematode endoglucanases resulted from the horizontal gene transfer of a bacterial gene, as Pl-eng-3 showed sister relationships with the CelB cellulase of Bacillus subtilis. Silencing Pl-eng-2 by in vitro RNA interference produced a 60% decrease of the transcript level. The reproductive ability of silenced P. loosi showed a 35% reduction of eggs and larval stages compared to untreated nematodes, suggesting that this gene is involved in the early steps of invasion.