Previous studies conducted in other countries showed that neonicotinoid insecticides contaminated environmental waters and reduced aquatic invertebrate abundance. This study analysed neonicotinoid concentrations in estuarine waters of Indramayu Regency, Indonesia, and their potential toxicity to the aquatic environment. Data collection included water sampling and analysis, watershed and paddy field analyses, and literature review. The results showed that the detection frequency of neonicotinoids was 75%, with imidacloprid and thiamethoxam having the highest mean concentrations compared to other compounds. The sample collected in August 2021 from an estuary in the Patrol sub-district contained the highest total neonicotinoid concentration (140.26 ng/L). Five samples (31.25%) contained imidacloprid concentrations that exceeded the chronic benchmark regulated by the Netherlands, thus related regulation and policies are encouraged to be established in Indonesia to prevent potential harmful effect of neonicotinoids to the aquatic environment. There was no significant correlation between the neonicotinoid concentrations and the paddy field and watershed sizes as well as the land use proportion for paddy fields within the watershed. This study is the first to report neonicotinoid contamination in Indonesian estuarine waters.

Ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change impacts, such as shoreline retreat, has been promoted at the international, national, and even local levels. However, among scientists, opinions about how to implement it in spatial-planning practices are varied. Science-based environmental factors, human wellbeing, and sustainable development can be strengthened by developing spatial-planning-based ecosystem adaptations (SPBEAs). Therefore, this article aims to assess how the SPBEA model can be developed within an area prone to shoreline retreat. A coastal area of the Sayung subdistrict in Central Java, Indonesia, was selected as a study area because it has experienced a massive shoreline retreat. A multicriteria analysis (MCA) method was employed for developing the model by using the geographic information system (GIS) technique of analysis, divided into three steps: the fishpond zone determination, which involved the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method in the process of model development; the fishpond site determination; SPBEA fishpond site development. The results show that the SPBEA model is the best practice solution for combatting shoreline retreat because of tidal waves and/or sea-level rise. The spatial site management should empower the coastal protection zone and the sustainable fishpond zone by implementing a silvofishery approach.

Planting using seed ball, where seeds are enclosed in materials and planted directly to the field by throwing the seed balls or using aerial planting. This technique has been considered to speed up the rehabilitation of degraded land and forest. Formulation of materials to enclose the seed is important and could be specific for different seeds. Therefore, this research aims to determine the appropriate formulation of seed balls to enhance seeds germination and their subsequent growth. The research was conducted from February-June 2021 in a greenhouse. Three formulas have been tested, i.e. 1) Formula A: clay and compost (1:1); 2) Formula B: clay, compost, and insecticide (50:50:1); 3) Formula C: clay, sawdust, bone meal, and vermicompost (8:8:2:1). The seeds used were seeds of durian (Durio zibethinus), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), velvet apple (Diospyros blancoi), merbau (Intsia bijuga), and white teak (Gmelina arborea). The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 3 replications. The fastest germination rate of durian, jackfruit, and merbau seeds was recorded on Formula A, while velvet apple and white teak seeds were on Formula C. The best height growth of seedlings was found using coating Formula C, i.e. 17.98 cm within 3 months after planting.

Climate change has a greater effect on the long-term viability of coastal environments and people’s livelihood. The idea of using ecosystems to help people deal with the effects of climate change is becoming more common at the international, national, and local levels, especially when it comes to spatial planning. So, learning about spatial planning-based ecosystem adaptation (SPBEA) is important for early careers because they will be the ones who have to deal with the decisions made now. Coastal communities must also understand the steps they can take to lessen the effects of coastal disasters in their area. This study looks at how the SPBEA concept can be taught to early-career practitioners and coastal communities through training and workshops, and the effectiveness of online training in transferring knowledge. The method of training used the hybrid method for comparison. A hierarchical approach was taken, starting from the compilation of SPBEA teaching materials, followed by SPBEA training for early-career practitioners to generate SPBEA zoning and transferring the training results to the coastal communities. Online training is not as good as offline one, but it was advantageous for the participants. Indeed, the pond-farming community was excited about the implementation of SPBEA.