Background and Objectives: This paper aims to show whether obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity increases the level of systemic inflammation markers regardless of body mass index (BMI) and body composition. Materials and Methods: In total, 128 patients with OSA were included in the study. Examinees were divided into two groups: one with mild OSA (apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) < 15) and one with moderate and severe OSA (AHI ≥ 15). Nutritional status was assessed using body mass index, body composition by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Systemic inflammation was assessed on the basis of plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and serum level of C-reactive protein (CRP). Results: We found elevated mean values of the evaluated systemic inflammation markers (CRP, TNF-α, IL-6) in a group with AHI ≥ 15, although there was no statistical significance. Our research found a significant positive correlation with BMI (r = 0.633, p < 0.001), as well as with body fat percentage (r = 0.450, p = 0.024) and serum CRP values. Significant correlation was found between the plasma IL-6 concentration and body fat percentage (FM%) (r = 0.579, p = 0.003) and lean body mass (r = −0.501, p = 0.013). Multivariate regression analysis did not show any independent predictor (parameters of OSA, nutritional status, body composition) of the systemic inflammation markers. Conclusions: Neither one tested parameter (nutritional status and body composition) of the severity of OSA was identified as an independent prognostic factor for the severity of systemic inflammation in patients with OSA.

Recent advances in enone chemistry have enabled the development of structurally optimized derivatives with improved anticancer selectivity. In this study, the cytotoxic activity and underlying mechanisms of sodium salts of four α,β-unsaturated enones (ES1–ES4), synthesized from vanillin-based scaffolds, were evaluated in human colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116), cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa), and normal lung fibroblast (MRC-5) cell lines. All compounds exhibited concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxicity, with ES2 showing the highest potency (IC₅₀ = 14.25 μM in HCT-116 and 18.12 μM in HeLa at 72 h) and minimal toxicity toward MRC-5 cells (IC₅₀ > 90 μM). Although cisplatin demonstrated greater overall cytotoxicity, the enone salts displayed significantly higher selectivity indices, indicating a more favorable therapeutic window. Phase-contrast microscopy revealed characteristic morphological features of apoptosis, including cell rounding and membrane blebbing. Mechanistic investigations confirmed mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis, evidenced by increased early and late apoptotic populations, Bax upregulation, Bcl-2 downregulation, and caspase-3 activation. JC-10 staining demonstrated mitochondrial membrane depolarization accompanied by cytochrome c release. In addition, cell cycle analysis revealed pronounced G2/M phase arrest, particularly in HCT-116 cells. Collectively, these findings indicate that vanillin-derived enone sodium salts exert selective anticancer effects through mitochondrial apoptosis and cell cycle disruption, supporting their potential as low-toxicity anticancer candidates.